Horse Colic

The term colic refers to pain in the abdomen of horses. It is not a single disease, but is the manifestation of a considerable number of diseases: all of which produce pain, and some of which are potentially deadly. Making a specific diagnosis to determine the actual cause of the colic can be extremely difficult for veterinarians at times. Because of the multitude of possible causes, it is of value to examine several excellent recent research reviews which looked closely at the classification of colics, and at the causative factors, incidence and mortality associated with these diseases. The majority of cases of colic occur due to unknown causes, but are primarily presumed to be associated with intestinal muscle spasm or the accumulation of abnormal amounts of gas in a portion of the intestine. In general, colic results due to the distension of the bowel by ingesta, fluid, gas, or due to a functional impairment of the normal intestinal motility. In more severe cases, abdominal pain may be the result of damage to the intestinal wall by reduced blood supply (ischaemia), inflammation, death of tissue (infarction) or oedema (swelling and increased fluid). The causes of colic can be classified by well recognised pathological categories, including obstruction, strangulation, enteritis/colitis, peritonitis, as well as by the site involved – stomach, small intestine, caecum, large colon, small colon, peritoneum, and other organs including liver, spleen and kidney Rather than simply listing the types of colic which can occur, it is now of value to look at what we do actually know about causes, prevalence and risk factors, as well as strategies to prevent colics. Nathaniel White, DVM, of the Marion Dupont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia, reviewed the risk factors in the USA in 2002, in his publication â€Å"Prevalence, demographics and Risk Factors for Colic, www. ivis. org, with the following comments and observations; Out of 100 horses in the general population, 4-10 cases of colic are expected in one year. About 10-15% of the colics are repeat cases, with some horses having 2-4 colic episodes yearly. Horses that have had a previous colic are three times as likely to have a second colic compared to a horse that has never had colic. Most colic signs were simple colic or ileus (no contractions of the gut) with no specific diagnosis entered in 80-85% of cases. In one study, 30% of horses with colic were identified by owners but never seen by vets because the colic was short lived or resolved by the owner. Studies of colic cases seen by vets reported a predominance of simple obstruction or spasmodic colic. Impaction colics made up about 10% of cases, and obstruction or strangulating diseases requiring surgery made up from 2-4% of cases. Universities report that simple colic and impaction colics are the most commonly reported. When a specific gut location can be identified by veterinarians, the large colon is the most commonly affected, followed by small intestine, caecum and small colon respectively. Diseases which cause strangulation (twisted bowel) have the highest fatality rate- with the large colon torsions being more common than small intestine torsions. Colic is responsible for more deaths in horses than any other disease except old age. In normal farm horse populations, horse mortality from all types of colic was 0. 7 deaths per 100 horse-years, with a colic case fatality rate of 6. 7%. Risk Factors For Colic In some colic cases the cause may be evident, such as in grain overload, but even in these cases, the exact mechanism which initiates the problem is often unknown. By looking at known risk factors we can begin to reduce the incidence by eliminating possible risk factors. There are internal and external risk factors for colic: Breed While no breed is immune to colic, several studies suggest that Arabian horses have more colic episodes, while some other studies suggest that Thoroughbreds have more. Standardbreds and Warmbloods tend to have more inguinal hernias due to the increased size of their inguinal ring. Age Young and older horses appear to be less at risk of simple colic, so middle aged horses are most at risk. Weanlings and yearlings are most likely to suffer ileocaecal intussusceptions. Diet Diet has long been blamed for colic. Course roughage with low digestibility or particularly coarse fibre is observed to cause impaction colic. Grain overload significantly increases the risk of colic and laminitis. Feeds such as lush clover and lush pasture have been implicated in causing bloat. Information on feeding here When investigated by controlled studies, increased amounts of grain, and changes in the type of hay and grain fed during the year both increased the odds of colic compared to horses without grain or changes in feed. One study also reported that daily feeding of concentrate from 2. to 5kg/day and >5kg/day to adult horses increased the risk of colic by 4. 8 and 6. 3 times respectively, compared to horses fed no concentrate. Interestingly, controlled studies confirm that pellet feeds and sweet feeds were associated with an increased risk of colic compared to no grain fed or single grain diets. Grain diets are also known to decrease the water content in the colon contents due to a decrease in fibre which binds to water in the colon. Grain diets are also known to travel through the stomach much more rapidly than fibrous diets. Grain in the diet increases gas production, and is much more likely to produce an environment needed for bloat and intestinal displacements. The horse stomach is relatively small, and is designed to take in small quantities of food often. Horses are herbivores, and naturally spend a large part of the day grazing, continually taking in small quantities of food. When more intensive management, including work and training programs, stabling, and feeding 2-3 times daily, occurs, the normal feeding habits of horses are disrupted to varying degrees. Intensive stabling and work often require higher energy levels in feedstuffs to allow the horse to cope with increased work requirements. The higher energy levels are provided by high grain and concentrate components in the ration, often at the risk of reducing roughage and fibre levels to inadequate volumes. The horse digestive system is designed to utilise roughage and fibre, and any deficiency of fibre will result in digestive disturbances, including colics. It is highly important to continue regular feeding habits of horses, maintaining regular feed volumes and feeding intervals. Do not work horses hard after a full feed. Never give large quantities of food to a horse not accustomed to it. Make feeding changes gradually. Do not allow an overheated horse to drink cold water until it has cooled off sufficiently, or the cold water will almost certainly predispose the horse to colic. Water horses before feeding. Allow access to water again immediately after feeding. Horses prefer clean, fresh water available at all times. A horse will drink anywhere from 22 to 68 litres of water daily, depending on weather conditions, diet and workload. Do not feed horses directly off the ground, especially in sandy or fine gravel regions, as the uptake of sand will predispose horses to sand colics and impactions. Avoid sudden feed changes. These will rapidly induce colic in most horses. Mouldy feeds, such as hay, are potentially deadly to horses, and regularly cause colic. Check hay thoroughly, especially any lush, moist hay which may have been baled while too wet. Never feed mouldy hay to horses. Environment & Management Housing and confinement on farms in the Virginia study were not risk factors for colic. It does however seem logical that changes in diet or feeding routine are associated with risk of colic. Certainly large horse properties report that the routine of feeding grain after being brought in from pasture to stables increases the colic risk – specifically for bloat and displacements. Altering this routine by keeping horses turned out after feeding grain decreases the rate of colic. Similarly, when hay is available to horses on lush pasture, the hay will be consumed as part of the diet and colic rate is decreased. Sand colic and impactions are seen where horses graze on pastures grown on sandy soils, or where horses are forced to eat off the ground with predominantly sand or fine gravel. Previous colic Horses with a history of colic are at higher risk for more colic episodes Parasites Internal parasites are related to increased colic risks in many studies. Gut obstructions due to ascarids in foals, tapeworm related colic and strongyle infections have all been reported as causing colics. Many reports confirm a decrease in colic after controlling small strongyle infections on properties with previously high colic incidences. Tapeworm infestations have been related to increased colic, specifically with colic associated with diseases of the ileum and caecum including increasing the rate of serious intussusception at the ileocaecal region. The general use of ivermectin over the last 20 years has seen a reduction in reports of colic associated with thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric artery due to Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Pregnancy Mares are reported to have a higher risk of colic by colon displacement during late pregnancy and lactation, particularly from 60 to 150 days after foaling. The actual reasons for this are not known, but calcium levels and alterations in diet including increases in energy due to the higher levels of concentrates in the diet to support lactation may be related to the increased risk. Exercise Racehorses, event horses and endurance horses all have an increased risk of gastric ulceration which can be linked to some colic episodes. These horses are often on high grain/low roughage diets which tend to produce gut acidosis and predispose to colics. Transport and Traveling Transport increases the risk of colic in several studies. Many vets commonly administer a laxative to horses prior to transport to prevent colic from impactions. These colics may be due to variations in feeding routine, fluid intake, dehydration, etc. Weather Many veterinarians frequently associate weather changes with increased frequency of colic, but many studies can find no confirmation of this. Prognosis and Strategies to Prevent Colic In a second paper, â€Å"Prognosis and Strategies to Prevent Colic†, Nathaniel White discussed the survival issues with colic cases, stating that predicting survival in horses with colic is often challenging. Any horse which does not respond to initial therapy may be regarded as having a much more serious prognosis. In an effort to assist veterinary practitioners and owners, White attempted to apply previous knowledge of outcomes for specific diseases. Case fatality for specific colic diseases varies from a few deaths in cases of simple colic to as much as 75% in some forms of strangulated intestine. Simple obstructions of the large colon such as displacements and impactions have low fatality rates (

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children Essay

Outcome 1 Understand what is required for competence in own work role 1) Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role To assist service users with everyday tasks such as washing, toileting, dressing, eating, drinking. To assist with mobility and disability. To help in the promotion of mental and physical activity through talking and reading with them, taking them out, hobbies and recreation. House cleaning and laundry. Read and write reports. Take part in training updates regularly. Follow policies and procedures at all times. Report any changes to service user’s health or circumstances. Encourage service users to be as independent as possible. Be mentor to new staff and complete their supervision plans. Carry out medication duties. Complete methodologies, action plans and evaluations for individual residents on a monthly basis. 2) Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards There are two main standards that I am expected to be able to comply with – National Miniumum Standards The purpose of these Standards is to set out the National Minimum Training Standards for Healthcare Support Workers and Adult Social Care Workers in England. These standards define the minimum you should know, irrespective of your individual work role. Often you will gain this knowledge during a period of induction in the first weeks or months of your employment. While meeting these minimum standards is not the same as being competent in your role, they do provide the foundation for safe and effective practice. The  standards do not seek to set out competences for workers, but correspond to the underpinning knowledge within the Core Competences for Healthcare Support Workers and Adult Social Care Workers in England. The National Minimum Standards consist of 10 Standards – 1. The roles of the Healthcare Support Worker and Adult Social Care Worker 2. Your personal development 3. Effective communication 4. Equality, diversity and inclusion 5. Duty of care 6. Safeguarding 7. Person-centred care and support 8. Health and safety 9. Handling information 10. Infection prevention and control Each Standard has several units within. For example, the first Standard has 4 units – 1. Understanding your own role 2. Your relationship with others 3. Working in ways that have been agreed with your employer 4. Working in partnership with others Each unit then has it’s own elements. For example, the first unit has 3 elements – 1.1.1 Understand your main duties and responsibilities 1.1.2 Understand the standards and codes of conduct and practice that relate to your role 1.1.3 Be aware of how your previous experiences, attitudes and beliefs may affect the way you work National Occupational Standards National Occupational Standards have been developed in most industries. They – Describe best practice in particular areas of work Bring together the skills, knowledge and values necessary to do the work as statements of competence Provide managers with a tool for a wide variety of workforce management, quality control and specification tasks Are the basis of training and qualifications. Skills for Care and Development develops standards with the care sector that focus on all levels of work, with an expectation that the standards will be used at least as much in human resource and operational management, as they will be in the development of qualifications. Skills for Care and Development works with employers and others to contribute to and promote the developing uses of the standards. I am expected to be able to carry out my duties to the best of my ability, competently and to at least the minimum standards set out in both of the above Standards. Outcome 2 Be able to reflect on practice 3) Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice Everyone has different values, beliefs and experiences which are important to them and what we see as acceptable or desirable is an important part of who we are. For example, Someone’s religion, diet, class, sexuality and ability are individual to them. The way we respond to people is linked to our beliefs, what we class as important and what our interests are. We are more likely to respond positively to someone who shares our values, than to someone who has different values. It is natural to want to make friends and spend time with people who share our interests and values. In a work place, problems can arise when we start to assume what we know is ‘right’ or ‘normal’ for someone. Everyone sees things in different ways. For example, if i was to put ‘songs of praise’ on the tv, I am forcing everyone to watch a program following MY own religous beliefs. As a professional, it is my duty to provide the same quality of care and support for all, regardless of their values, beliefs and what they consider to be important. If I was to allow my own preferences to interfere with my work, I will be failing to perform to the standards of the Code of Practice for social care workers. All Care Workers are to respect and promote people’s individual views and wishes. Outcome 3 Be able to evaluate own performance 1) Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards To be able to evaluate my own knowledge, performance and understanding, I need to be able to reflect on what I do and the way I work. I also need to know my own weaknesses and strengths. Once I am able to do this, I can learn to think about the way I work, in a constructive way, and use this to identify areas for improvement. For example, during the day, I would make a cup of tea for all the residents. But, after reflecting on this, I can see that I should have given the residents a choice of drink and not assume that they all wanted tea. This would then be in accordance with Standard 3, of the National Minimum Standards. Outcome 5 Be able to use learning opportunities and reflective practice to contribute to personal development 1) Evaluate how learning activities have affected practice Although I had been a carer for a while, when I became a carer for residents with dementia , I was unsure of how to communicate with them. I shadowed the Senior Carer for a while and learnt quickly that although the residents have dementia, most can communicate verbally on a basic level . I learnt how to communicate through not only speech, but using hand signs as well. I learnt that some of the residents are quite hard of hearing, so I have to speak up. If I had not of shadowed the Senior Carer, It would of taken me longer to adjust to communicating with the residents in a way that they would understand me, and I would understand them.

A grade AS English Language Commentary example

I wrote a speech directed at college students persuading them to think about the importance of being healthy. I was inspired by the use of rhetorical questions used in Tim Ryan’s ‘Draft’. For example in the first paragraph I say ‘so is that all? Is that the definition of health? This causes the listener to think about what I’m saying which links to my target audience as young people can often lose interest during long spoken dialogue. By doing this I am keeping their attention. I used a large amount of pronouns similar to Barack Obama’s 2012 Victory Speech. Examples of this are ‘our, ‘we’ve and ‘ourselves’. The possessive personal plural pronouns create the impression that I am in the same situation and share points the view of the listener. This is effective because young people don’t like to be segregated or talked down to. By including myself in the points made I make the speech more relatable. Syntactic parallelism is a feature in Tim Ryans ‘Draft’ that I have taken inspiration from. This is shown in my speech in the opening paragraph, ‘This is not a lecture. This is not a five point analysis with acronyms and flashy PowerPoints ’ . By repeating the words ‘this is not’ at the start of each sentence, rules out negative possibilities based on their previous experiences. Similar to in Alexander Stephens ‘Succession is Height of Madness’ imagery is used in my speech. For example, ‘†¦ anorexic teenagers but have we not been fed piles and piles of information†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the adjective ‘anorexic’ contrasts with the verb phrase ‘been fed’ and the metaphorical use of ‘fed piles of information’ which link back to the concept of health. This relates to my target audience as they like to use their imagination to make things more interesting and engaging. I have used pragmatics in my speech to gain support in my argument. For example, I used ‘ping’, BB’ and the phrase ‘Google it’ a noun which has been changed by young people into a verb. This is effective in emphasising that my speech relates to my target audience. Phonologically, I put stress on the modal auxiliary ‘will’ to add dynamic to the tone and create a sense of urgency to persuade my target audience that it is a problem that needs to be solved. Repetition, a dominant feature in persuasive speeches, appears in all my style models including Franklin Roosevelt’s Inaugural Speech. I repeated the abstract noun ‘health’. For example, ‘our health’ and ‘definition of health’ allow me to address that health is the central topic in my speech. Repetition is effective in my speech as it’s a popular way of learning and creating habits. I changed some words during the editing process of my speech because feedback from my teacher showed that some of my lexis was inappropriate like ‘obtuse’ which I change to ‘unattainable’ and ‘mankind’ which changed to ‘people’. This is better for college students as it’s lexis that is used and understood by them.

4 cases analysis about strategic managmnent Essay

4 cases analysis about strategic managmnent - Essay Example h at this point, it is more correct to say he started assembling his own PCs) and soon targeted large corporate accounts with his low-cost computers. He also started to be more aggressive in his marketing campaigns, putting out ads in computer trade publications in time with the first-ever sales and product catalog of his company. About a decade later, sales reached nearly US$3.5 billion annually and by 2001, reached the top rank in global market share in computer sales (also number one in the U.S.). However, this rapid growth soon reached a plateau due to a disorganized corporate structure from having a very rapid growth. It abandoned its retail outlet distribution system and went back to direct distribution which was its original business model responsible for its success. Its business model is anchored on an efficient supply-chain management and logistics system that delivers made-to-order PCs direct to consumers. It also deliberately waits for few months for any new computer technology (whether hardware or software) to become standardized for it to be able to leverage its core competence in fast assembly of PCs. This minimizes its risks to technological obsolescence in an industry that is characterized by very rapid changes. Main Strategic Issues – Dell, Inc. is faced with a changed business and economic environment in which its competitors were able to catch up or match its low-cost pricing. This put pressure on the companys finances as profit margins were squeezed. The reductions of its overhead expenses plus manufacturing efficiencies gave it virtual monopoly of low-cost PCs but not anymore. Further, its leverage in terms of purchasing power from its supplies had been somewhat dented with the slowdown in PC sales worldwide to just 5% annually compared to torrid growth rates in prior years. Lastly, the biggest challenge facing the company is the vast change in consumer behaviors. The trend is now for a potential buyer to go to a retail store to

Historical Background of Contemporary Labor Law Individual Assignment Research Paper

Historical Background of Contemporary Labor Law Individual Assignment - Research Paper Example The board’s decision to punish the employer under section 8(a) (1) was not approved by the court of appeal when the employer did appeal. This decision was taken to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari and set a stage for oral argument together with Garment Workers v. Quality Mfg. Co., 420 U. S. 276. The case was ruled in favor of the board in 1975 the judge based his ruling on the fact that section 7 has a provision for statutory right of any employee to reject submitting to his or her employer in the absence of representation from the union if he reasonably has fears that this interview will lead to him or her being punished. This case was held in essence of there being a permissible construction of some form of concerted activities, which needed mutual protection that the employee was denied. An employee pursuing representation from the union has the responsibility of representing the entire labor union. The Supreme Court believed some of the cases ruled in the past h ad flaws when compared to cases arising in the current context. The Weingarten right has been extended to those employees without labor union considering that there is need to be represented by a third party who has no stake in the issue at hand for both parties as seen in Epilepsy Foundation of Northeast Ohio, 331 NLRB No. 92, 676 (2000). One of the most serious issues that the labor law seeks to guard against is the employment of minors within any form of work structure. Use of child labor in production of goods was prohibited to such an extent that even transportation and sale of such goods was to be made illegal. This was expressed under the Act of September 1, 1916, c. 432, 39 Stat. 675. This Act was however seen as being unconstitutional since it was deemed to overshadow the commerce power that Congress enjoys and interfering with such powers that is a reserve for the state. This could be well illustrated in Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918) case. A certain bill had bee n filed by a father on his behalf and also as a representative of his two sons who were minors who were employee at the Cotton Mill at Charlotte in North Carolina in view of enjoining the use of Act of Congress with the intention of averting the interstate exchange of goods from child labor. It was held by the district court that the Act was quite unconstitutional and thus entered a decree that enjoined the enforcement. This ruling was based on the fact that this was not in any way meant to regulate the foreign commerce and interstate business practices; that this Act contravened the constitution through the Tenth Amendment; and that it actually does conflict with the Fifth Amendment (Justia). As seen in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, the judge ruled on the issue of commerce powers as opposed to prohibition. The powers of commerce were limited to prescribing the rule to govern commerce but not forbidding commerce from interstate transportation of commodities. This was how ever contrary to adjudged cases in the same court which had held that the regulation powers which were given to Congress did include prohibition authority when it comes to movement of such goods. The interstate transportation was only necessary in meeting harmful results which could only be achieved through forbidding use of those facilities which were used in production of such products considered as harmful. The

Women and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Leadership - Essay Example Women are underrepresented in some of even basic positions, for example, welfares that advocate for women empowerment and equality. Men continue to dominate some of the major institutions present in the world today, with a popular saying that emanates from the above like, ‘behind every successful man, there is a woman.’ Such sayings only serve to remind people that it is a male dominated world (Klenke 123), and that it will not come easy. This paper will examine some of the crucial aspects behind women and leadership, and why it is crucial for the leadership gap to be reduced, especially in these changing times. Women are generally considered to be the weaker sex, when compared to their male counterparts. Some of the characteristics that distinguish women from men include their assertive and persuasive natures. This may make them take risks that men would not otherwise take when in a leadership position. Some may take this as a sign that a woman leader may be reckless in her judgment, hence making her a poor leader. This is often attributed to the fact that women tend to work harder while in these positions, and against the status quo present in society (Martin 97). Focus and determination often arise from such a fight, which may then determine her place in a male-dominated environment that is waiting for one moment to prove that women are indeed, the weaker sex. Characteristics of women fighting for leadership positions The issue of education has been brought up as one of the many factors that have led to the rise in a number of women leaders. Education is a particularly powerful tool that has helped empower women into different positions in society today. Men, many at times, are intimidated by a well-educated woman who has it together and has a way forward. In my belief, education is the most crucial element for any person who wants to play a leadership role in a changing environment that needs the diversity and control that it might be missing. The assertive and persuasive attitude that embodies the woman leader often stems from the education aspect (Martin 106). It is these aspects that make some of the women leaders present a force that is driving the woman leadership phenomenon. Stepping out from what is considered the norm is what drives some of the women leaders presently. The adversity and challenges they face force them to take risks and directions never taken before, just to prove they can also do what men can do. Women leaders take the risk if they think that such moves are right and moral (Klenke 125). Abstract thinking could be the reason behind actions that need urgency and a quick mind. Team-building and inclusive aspects of the women leader are fundamental in their growth. It is common to find women leaders incorporating some of these aspects in their organizations. This often endears them to their employees, some of whom might be men who consider themselves more traditional and do not have to work under a wo man. Current position of women leaders in modern society The low number of women in some of the biggest institutions in the world at the moment is shocking. Religion, academia, politics, law, and even business are some of the most fundamental institutions in the world. The number of female representation in these fields indicates that a large number of women are stuck somewhere (Paludi and Coates 86). This is because the number of women who graduate with top honors in some of the above fields is surprisingly large. In law, for instance, half of entrants into this field are women. Unfortunately, the number of female law school deans, firm partners, and even federal judges is shockingly at its lowest. So, one might beg the

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises Assignment

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises - Assignment Example Increase in worsening of economic condition will result in further decline of the value of the US dollar. Question 3: The overall healthcare expenditure of the United States of America will increase by 6.1 percent due to Obama Care Act in 2014 and Morgan states that this estimate is lesser than the previous estimates of increase in government spending by 7.4% (Morgan 1). An increase of 6.1% will result in a total expenditure of $3 trillion on the healthcare system. Question 4: From the period of 2009 to 2013 the Medicare spending increased at an average of 0.02 trillion. During the period of 2009 it was 0.42 trillion and during the period of 2013 it was 049 trillion, while it fell from 0.48 trillion of 2011 to 0.47 trillion in 2012. It is expected that in 2014 it would rise to 0.52 trillion (usgovernmentspending.com 1). Question 5: The United States has budgeted that its overall government spending for the period of 2014 will be 3.7 trillion and this will include spending on pensions, health care, defense as well as welfare (usfederalbudget.us 1). In order to cover this budget of 3.7 trillion, the government has projected to collect a total of 3.0 trillion on tax revenues (usgovernmentrevenue.com 1). This means that a total of 0.7 trillion in tax revenues need to be increased to cover all government spending. Question 6: By the end of 2013 the United States’ federal government debt to GDP ratio was 101.6% and by the period of 2003 it was 59.5%. This means that the debt to GDP ratio of the United States Federal government has almost increased by 66% in 10 years time period which is quite an alarming situation (tradingeconomics.com 1). Question 7: The FED or Federal Reserve Bank of United States already owns 64% of the debt of United States government (Jeffrey 1). The FED owns this amount since it is purchasing government bonds in order to help the federal government to

Jury Selection Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jury Selection Process - Research Paper Example The jury selection was interesting in the sense that it had 9 blacks, 1 Hispanic and 2 Whites in it, a total of 12 jury participants – 10 women and 2 men. Their education is divided; 9 were high school graduates, 2 College Graduates and one was without diploma. The jury sequestration is a highly complicated matter and requires considerable attention of the selecting bodies. For instance, the cost to tax payers for the jury sequestration in the O. J. Simpson trial reached a staggering $3 million (Dunham, 2009). The process followed for the sequestration included a questionnaire to be filled in by 250 potential members of the jury (Linders, 2008). They were also told at the time of filling in the questionnaire that they will be probably sequestered for a period of several months. Once the jury sequestration was completed, the media became the real critic of the sequestration. The court had to bear the cost of it all, court premise security as well as the security of the jury is part of the sequestration. Media constantly questioned the fairness and objectivity highlighting the fact the jury was held in a near imprisonment (Hayslett, 2008). In 1995, the jury let out the verdict while the court was surrounded by an army of policemen on horsebacks, to prevent a possible riot in the aftermath of the verdict. The jury recorded the verdict in favour of the former footballer, O. J. Simpson, as â€Å"not guilty†. The verdict may have been tainted by the involvement of the main prosecutor Fuhrman, who allegedly harboured hate feelings towards the African-Americans, and had been heard to call them ‘niggers’ on many occasions. The main reason why the jury called it â€Å"not guilty† was there was reasonable doubt as to the presence of the suspect (O.J.) at the scene of the crime. Implicative reasoning was that O. J. was a patient of

Team challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team challenges - Essay Example The five students encounter difficulties in establishing the topic of discussion and eventually settle on conflict management. As the team progresses, there is lack of cooperation by some members while the active members exhibit divergent views, which are not resolved to the end of the preparations for presentation. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses displayed by each character as well as some ideas that could improve their input to the project. It also evaluates the performance of the team as well as the impact of a newcomer to the team. Actions that would help in improving the team’s success have been highlighted. The strengths and weaknesses of the 5 students can be described through Belbin’s group roles whereby Robert can be regarded as the plant. He had a strength that is evident when he takes courage to convince the group regarding his creative idea of role play in conflict resolution. He is a self starter who is imaginative and focused towards accomplishing the goal. He is also able to defend his decision as well as influence others to adopt it. His creativity makes Jane to be supportive in generating humour and making the play to be amusing to the audience. He acts as a coordinator as well as the shaper of the group. In the Kolb’s Learning Cycle, Robert fits in the converging learning style (Miettinen, 2000). He prefers practical actions in approaching the group discussion. As a shaper in Belbin’s group roles, Robert’s major weakness is his confrontational behaviour towards Danny who is ignorant and uncooperative, especially bearing in mind that the discussion is on conflict resolution. In essence, he demonstrated lack of skills in conflict resolution and team building. On the other hand, he was dictatorial as regards the group’s activities. He has an egoistic personality, which leads him to compel other group members to accept his decision, which Sharon was greatly opposed

Group Leadership Project Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Group Leadership Project Reflection - Essay Example In short, the male-superiority power. Even now in so many countries of the world, especially the third-world countries, women are beaten and thrown in dark rooms. This has given men the nerve to regard women as the followers and not as the leaders. Nevertheless, the women of today have fought tooth and nail to change that ideal and establish themselves also as the leaders. They have same or even better qualifications as men. They have equally better opportunities as men to come forward, and so now they are almost seen as the leaders of the new-world. Today women acquire all leaders’ positions as lawyers, professors, ministers, though not without difficulty. What worked well: Researches, who wanted to work for women and in their favor, and wanted to escalate their position to leaders, have struggled to define leadership qualities that were needed in general, and were possessed by women in particular. Importance of leadership is evident from how well the organization handled by that leader is managed, employee performance and success of the organization. There is also a form of leadership termed as emotional leadership. The women have been found to be better at this leadership as they are more emotionally able to penetrate their colleagues. The women are more attached to their families and so they are opted more and more for these positions. As women are just as competent as men in all fields of work so they are taking part in all possible fields too, like technical, educational and political. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 established a concept of glass-ceiling. According to this, women are able quire good to and safe positions in any... According to the report findings the women of today have fought tooth and nail to change that ideal and establish themselves also as the leaders. They have same or even better qualifications as men. They have equally better opportunities as men to come forward, and so now they are almost seen as the leaders of the new-world. Today women acquire all leaders’ positions as lawyers, professors, ministers, though not without difficulty.As the paper stresses  there is a form of leadership termed as emotional leadership. The women have been found to be better at this leadership as they are more emotionally able to penetrate their colleagues. The women are more attached to their families and so they are opted more and more for these positions. As women are just as competent as men in all fields of work so they are taking part in all possible fields too, like technical, educational and political. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 established a concept of glass-ceiling. According to this, women are able quire good to and safe positions in any business organization but are not able to rise to the surface; this declaration has helped in distinguishing reasons for women’s inability to not be able to rise to power. A work, published by center for leadership, outlined the problems, faced by women when it comes to breaking this glass-ceiling. And it also gave formulas for success early in their careers.

The impact of the Industrial Revolution Essay Example for Free

The impact of the Industrial Revolution Essay The Industrial Revolution (1870 to 1920) led to various improvements in the social and economic conditions of the Canadians. The Industrial Revolution basically brought in a lot of positive changes for the people and after this only, progress in various fields such as agricultural and manufacturing, etc. became visible that in turn brought an overall improvement in the lives of the people by improving their social and economic conditions. However, it was not just Canada that benefited the impact of the Industrial Revolution but the entire world was able to reap the benefits. The most important and prevalent feature of the Industrial Revolution was the generation of wealth that led to modernization of the living style of the people. However, in the case of Canada the people who had more capital than the others became wealthier while the other population remained the same. The reason behind this was that the people who have capital made a different social class in the society while the working force (the labor force) of Canada did not get many benefits and only the people from the business class were in the position to survive well. The school going children were taught to be more obedient and to be punctual i. e. the mannerism that must be adopted at work was inculcated in the students. This therefore proves that the most emphasis that was given during this era was on how to generate more profits for the employers and the ways in which productivity could be increased. The employer mostly regarded their employees as machines and made them do work like machines as they wanted the best of their effacing at work. However, the workers who worked hard for the employers’ whole day were not even compensated fairly. It was however true that some of the provinces in Canada greatly benefitted from the Industrial Revolution that took place from 1870 to 1920, however some of the provinces such as Maritime Provinces of Canada suffered heavily and this was mainly because this was the hub for ship building but now after this Revolution the ships were mostly built with steel and not with wood. However, not enough equipment was available to the workers in this area in terms of technology due to which it lost its importance economically. Other than this, there were many other provinces such as Nova Scotia and New Brunswick where the technology for not available for the progress of the people but in the areas where technology was available, they progressed heavily. British Columbia was one such place in Canada that progressed economically after the Industrial Revolution. Mining, forestry and agriculture were the three main areas that made the most revenue for the economy of Canada and it was when Canada began to import these especially timber to the rest of the places in Canada further improved the transportation system in Canada as the introduction of trains further enhanced the conditions in the country. Later in 1911 when the hydro electricity was introduced, it further aided in making the economy more strong and as Ontario and Quebec were the hub of the powerhouses during 1980’s, these two places progressed rapidly and also resulted in a very rapid growth in the population. This was because the people who used to work in the farms previously moved onto the cities in order work as they could see large opportunities of work in the cities especially in the factories. However, due to this the rent of the houses became higher due to which the people had to share houses with the others and due to this the working class also began to send their children for work in order to fulfill their needs and this led to the exploitation of the children until a law was passed by the Factory Act that banned the employers to hire boys and girls below twelve and fourteen years of age. The progress in Canada made the classes of people more evident especially the high class and the working class. The people in Canada who were oppressed the most were basically the people who were from the working class and this is because previously their main source of income was from the farms they worked. Moreover, they were most dependent on the pigs they owned so that they could sell them and make their living especially in the winter season when work is not available readily. However, it was the wealthier group in Canada that banned the ownership of the livestock that enforced the people to buy commodities. I would therefore conclude by saying that the impact of the Industrial Revolution (1870 to 1920) on the social and economic conditions Canadians was both favorable and unfavorable but the classes that were affected by the former or the latter were actually the ones who had to face the outcomes. The business class was the one that benefitted the most but the working class was actually exploited. (Francis, Jones Smith, 2006). Reference Francis,D. R. , Jones, R. Smith, D. B. (2006). Journeys: A History of Canada. Thomson.

The Drivers of Globalization Essay Example for Free

The Drivers of Globalization Essay At the dawn of 21st century, information technology, communication, transportation and even banking systems took a great leap of improvement that changed billion of lives around the world. Using a personal computer, an individual could perform a number of trade and banking transactions from anywhere, for as long as there is an Internet connection. People who are fond of traveling around the world could remain in contact with his families and employers, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Important events could now be shared by millions of viewers around the world through satellite connections and the use of the World Wide Web. The world became a small a neighborhood through fast delivery brought about by airplane travel around the world, minute by minute. All of these improvements contributed to the creation of a single thread that connects billion of lives throughout the globe. That thread came to be known as globalization and it is a trend that contributed to the development of the so called global society. Globalization acknowledges the emergence of a global society in which political, economic and cultural events could easily influence the lives of people from all parts of the world. The so called global society also implies the idea of a global market which allows freer movement of goods, services, investment and capitals across the globe . The global market focuses on economic globalization, a sub field of globalization which focuses on the improvement and changes that occur in the sector of trade and commerce. Economic globalization suggests diminishing national boundaries and territory to allow freer movement of goods and services . Tariffs and trade regulations are created to further improve and ensure that the flow of goods and services would continue and safe from illegal activities. Along with these and the improvements achieved in the field of transportation, information technology and communication, the cost of transactions and operation of companies around the world and have opened up millions of jobs throughout the world and have reduced the cost of transactions. An example of this would be the large increase of trade and movement of capital in the form of bonds, stocks and investment. The volume of world export level from 1950 to 2001 grew 20 times from its original level. Analysts have also deduced that investors and shareholders nowadays are so well informed that they could easily manipulate their shares and capitals through Internet to enable them to gain more profit. It was eminent that the consumer himself was an influential catalyst for change; however, there are other factors which contribute greatly to the development, growth and spread of globalization. It is possible that there are many reasons or factors that have caused globalization spread so fast but it would be best to narrow it down based on the influence and number of changes that it has brought forth towards the globalization as we know of today. As much as possible, these factors would be in touch with market and product globalization. The assessment of these factors would be the key in answering why globalization has spread so fast over the past decades. Lastly, the last part of the paper would be a reflection about the influence of globalization on the lives of normal people such as the author of this paper. A. The Consumer and the Nature of Man In his endless pursuit of greater pleasure, comfort and perhaps happiness in life, man has always sought to improve the quality of his lifestyle and everything around him. Whether it was accidental, planned or forced, man never failed to bring advancement in his daily life and to his predecessor in the future. In the early years, man was forced to develop and improve his agricultural system and tools to cope up with the growing population and harsh environment that surround him. The idea for gunpowder and guns that change how wars are fought, were brought by the creation and extensive use of firecrackers by the Chinese. The Industrial Revolution for instance, was a period in which many innovations were introduced that forever changed how goods are being manufactured and also transportation services was the main attraction during that time. Personal computers, cell phones and satellites connections of the 20th century could connect people from any part of the world in a matter of minutes or even seconds. Even couples who are having problems in bearing children could now resolve this through artificial insemination. These are manifestations of how far man could go when he attempts to further improve his lifestyle and it is for a fact that there is no possible end on how man could go when he wishes to seek more pleasure and comfort in life. This desire of man to further enhance its current lifestyle has pushed the boundaries and possibilities of 20th century world market. Merely supplying people with basic goods and necessities is not enough for a company to stay in the business. They need to be innovative about their product and they need to produce product that will capture the taste of the consumers. Even services being offer by manufacturer and companies should be top rank in order to ensure that consumers would adhere to their product. Moreover, considering the status of information technology and how easy it is to gain various amount of information, it could be consider that consumer nowadays is more informative and knows what they need not to mention how picky most of then when it comes to the quality of the product they’re going to buy. In the least sense, consumer itself was the one who shaped and pushed the current market to its current level. Globalization was merely a tool that helped in satisfying the demand of consumers for product that could improve and make life easier. Through a freer movement of capitals and less restrictions concerning importations of foreign goods, people across the globe was able to experience gadgets, goods, services and even infrastructure that usually could only be found in developed countries. Such conditions could be seen in countries in Asia and South America were investors from the so called 1st world countries have invested huge amount of money to penetrate and dominate local markets. When it comes to infrastructure, one example that could be found is recent spread of high class casinos and hotels in tourist destinations especially in areas such as the Caribbean, Mediterreanan and Hawaii . Globalization for a moment has satisfied the consumers’ needs but at the same time it has invoked greater desire for the consumers to experience and use more product that could further improve their lifestyle. Additionally, the power to avail certain kind of products such as luxury cars and advanced gadgets represent the social status of consumers. 3rd world countries have opened their markets to foreign investors not just to increase revenue but also to provide its people with job opportunities and improve their economy through such investments. Product Innovations It is eminent that there is no permanent product that would dominate a market for long a time. Aside from our basic necessities, everything that we use will eventually come to an end. This is why leading companies and manufacturers are forced to develop and produce new products that would interest the public and would help them stay in business. Microsoft for instance, continuously creates and develops operating systems for personal computers in order to cope up with the latest programs and software that are being sold in the market today. From time to time, leading cell phone manufacturer like Nokia and Samsung need to release new models of cell phone that are better that its predecessor and could offer new tricks to its user. Everything has its own evolution, even the tiniest gadget that we use started of from a humble beginnings and had been changed in order to cope up with the demands of the public and at the same time stay on course with regards to business operations. Through product innovations and improvement, leading companies and manufacturers could supply the public with goods that could satisfy their demands . When a product is adhered to by billions of people around the globe, leading companies turn their attention to manufacturers for possible business expansion and reproduction of their product. Manufacturers are either hired or created by those companies who personally want to manage the production of their products. Investment comes in huge amounts of money and it often creates thousands of job opportunities. Globalization comes into play during these times. Tariffs and trade regulations are lowered in order to accommodate business expansion and to give investors flexibility about they’re investment. Countries who sought to increase their nation’s revenue, turns their heads to foreign investment for possible influx of money and generating jobs that could decrease unemployment level . For an instance, famous clothing lines have opened not only outlet stores but also their own factory outside of their main offices in order to meet the demands of the public. Clothing lines like Lacoste, Luis Vitton and other famous brand could now be found in various parts of the world. Michelin, the French tire company owns a factory in south California where they produce tire that would answer the demand of the local market. Globalization spread across the globe because of the opportunity that foreign investment could offer to a country. Aside from lowering the cost of foreign product through local manufacturing, foreign investment could boost the economic performance of those poor countries.

Management and Leadership

Management and Leadership Effective Management and Leadership The most powerful and successful business organizations have understood the importance of a key attribute in their achievements and accomplishments. This is the importance and significance of efficient management and leadership. Empirical and theoretical studies have found evidence that the prevailing notion about leadership and management was masked in air of secrecy (Mulec, 2006: Pg 67). Such an attitude has persisted until recently when research has found that a set of competencies and skills are essential for effective management and leadership. Leadership requires the maximum utilization of innate and intrinsic potential. Business leaders must be dynamic and proactive with their ability to inspire confidence in their followers. They must have a clear vision and mission statement in order to achieve business and organizational goals. They should make everyone part of the organizational process. Leaders focus on the broad aspects of acquiring operational excellence. The democratic system of leadership calls for respecting the initiative and feedback of employees. The ability to enhance the productivity and output of the business organization has been identified as a major competency of leadership. The advantages of such an approach are that the leaders can distribute and allocate tasks to different team members. Each team member will work towards the achievement and accomplishment of the major business goal. Empirical and theoretical studies have identified transformational leadership as being effective and efficient as opposed to other leadership styles (Trevino, Hartman Brown, 2000: Pg 129). Transformational leadership seeks to apply innovation and creativity in order to achieve business and organizational goals. It also seeks to provide an honest and simple appraisal and performance of the employees. Management is another important skill which must be present in order to achieve business and organizational goals. The basic competency of managers is their ability to engage in systematic and methodical planning. This involves identifying barriers to progress and setting targets. A target oriented approach helps management to achieve business and organizational goals. Another important competency for managers is that of organization (Watson, 2001: Pg 386). They must systematically understand the various work processes and requirements. Each task should be divided and distributed to the work force. Further managers are successful by their ability to delegate and receive reports from employees. This is a multi level approach which seeks to achieve business and organizational goals. Management must be able to use strategic management in order to create vision and direction for the guidance of the organization. They must be able to understand the external and internal factors that affect the performance and success of business organizations. They must be able to apply innovation and creativity in order to resolve problems. Effective manag ement also requires a system of checks and controls to monitor the work process (Watson, 2001: Pg 386). This provides the managers with real time information about the success or failure of any business process. From the list of skills that you have generated, select three personal skills and three professional skills a manager needs to be effective in their role (support with personal examples where you can). Explain how these skills contribute to meeting both organisational and personal goals. Discuss what methods you can use to improve both your personal as well as professional skills. Personal and Professional Skills Managers need to have different personal and professional skills in order to accomplish the goals and objectives of the business organization. They must be able to successfully implement these skills for resolving business problems (Wilson Holton, 2003: Pg 123). Further managers should seek to integrate and coordinate various skills to produce optimum solutions. At the basic level, management should have clear idea and vision about the organizational goals. This is necessary because it identifies and recognizes the external and internal factors affecting the business organization. As a manager, I sought to improve our market access to China. This was done through a systematic audit and analysis of the business environment. Managers should also be able to inspire confidence and trust amongst their employees. This is done by directly linking employee growth with the organizational growth. The ability to motivate and inspire team members is now considered a vital component of effective management (Wilson Holton, 2003: Pg 124). At the professional level, managers should be able to work with teams. They should apply intuition and critical thinking skills in order to achieve business and organizational goals. Finally the management must have superior levels of planning, organization, and coordination (Wilson Holton, 2003: Pg 126). Accomplishing Organizational and Personal Goals Managers must seek to work with teams by motivating and inspiring them. Such a process helps to create an atmosphere of collaboration and cooperation. It also can resolve potential conflicts in the work place. It also leads to exchange of information. Further the tasks are divided in order to prevent some employees from being overburdened. Advice and initiative from employees should be appreciated in order to promote efficiency and effectiveness (Wilson, Lenssen, Hind, 2006: Pg 134). Management must also empower employees to apply innovation and creativity in resolving business and organizational problems. A multi level approach in management helps to resolve business problems. It also assists in maintaining the competitive edge of the business organization. Improvement of Personal and Professional Skills Management development is a crucial and significant element of the entire business process. This is because managers are the agents of change and dynamism in the business organization. The improvement of personal and professional skills requires the constant application of intuition and critical problem solving skills. Managers should frequently use a number of techniques like brainstorming, analogizing, and discussions in order to improve their skills (Wilson, Lenssen, Hind, 2006: Pg 135). Analogizing refers to the use of personal experiences in solving business problems. A practical and scenario based approach will assist the management in boosting and upgrading their skills. This is a multi level approach that seeks to optimize the various competencies of business managers. Personal Skills Audit Rating Your Management and Leadership Skills Skill Very Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Poor Not Tested Teamwork Requires some enhancement Resolving Problems Needs to be proactive and dynamic Motivate and inspire others This is the core competency Planning and preparation Knowledge of key planning concepts required Organizing Unable to effectively and efficiently organize Coordination Can coordinate and integrate various work processes Critical problem solving Ability to identify problems in a proactive and dynamic manner Communication skills Requires knowledge of basic communication skills Present an analysis of the various personal and professional skills of which you have carried out a self-assessment in the class including an assessment of your learning style. Based on the rating and the results of the self-assessments write a brief overview of your leadership and management skills in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Analysis of Personal and Professional Skills My personal skills as a manager involve the use of teamwork and resolving problems in an efficient and effective manner. It also involves the use of smart and prudent strategies that can analyze and audit the business environment. Managers need to have strategies which can assist the organization in achieving its targets (Hickman, 2006: Pg 67). This involves the application of robust and energetic strategies. It also seeks to identify the appropriate actions and thoughts that enable managers to have high levels of perception and awareness about the dynamics of the business organization. Further there should be a management model in the organization that identifies and recognizes the skills required. My personal and professional skills seek to accomplish high levels of transparency and fairness in the business organization. Personal and professional skills should be enhanced and boosted in order to produce superior business outcomes. Managers should be able to generate motivation and stimulus in the work force instead of attempting to discipline and intimidate them. This is the management style of twenty first century that seeks to produce flexible, open, and dynamic business models. This should be the context in which personal and professional skills should be developed and enhanced. Strengths and Weaknesses Motivating and inspiring the work force is my core competency in the field of management. This involves providing adequate and competent instructions to the work force regarding the targets and goals. It also seeks to address employee concerns and take feedback from them. Motivation and inspiration are the main attributes that are identified in empirical and theoretical studies about modern management styles (Jung, 2001: Pg 21). It helps to transform rigid and inflexible hierarchies within organizations into dynamic and robust business models. Another core competency is coordination which seeks to interrelate and interlink the various business processes. It seeks to achieve business goals in a prudent and smart manner. Organization of work processes and communication skills need to be boosted and augmented. This is a major weakness of my management skills which needs to be effectively and efficiently remedied. Organization of the work processes is identified as a major competency whi ch seeks to distribute and allocate the work processes. There is a need to upgrade and augment various business and organizational skills in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Personal Development Plan Establish your career goals and objectives and the skills required to meet these objectives. Put together a realistic Personal Development Plan to demonstrate how you intend to address the learning and development needs that you have identified. Consider your preferred learning style when establishing learning actions. Establishment of Career Goals and Objectives My career goals and objectives are to improve and augment my management and leadership skills. Management should seek to improve productivity and output while reducing the administrative and structural costs (Bass, 2005: Pg 26). It also seeks to identify and recognize the changes in the business and market environment. Developing and boosting skills requires the use of innovative and creative learning methods. Problems and scenarios should be used in order to augment and develop management skills. Further there needs to be significant improvement in communication and organization skills. Managers need to have efficient and effective planning, organization, coordination, and preparation skills. These objectives and goals can be achieved through a systematic and methodical appraisal and audit of the various factors. This calls for the development of team work, interpersonal, monitoring, checking, and evaluation skills. A comprehensive and broad system of checks and balances should exis t which would provide managers with real time information. It helps to them to modify or change strategies that are not achieving their targets. Further career goals and objectives should be implemented in a systematic and methodical manner in order to produce superior outcomes. This will also increase the chances of producing better business outcomes. Such a strategy adopts a multi level approach towards the resolution of business problems. Personal Development Plan Given the rapidly evolving business landscape, it is essential that any personal development plan take into account the new variables and factors affecting management. The personal development plan involves transforming management into a role model that can be successfully emulated by subordinates. It should seek to empower employees by making them owners of the work process. Further management should implement a system of appraisal and evaluation which would assist in streamlining and automating the work process. A personal development plan can be achieved if assessment instruments are used to test and gauge the levels of efficiency and effectiveness. Such instruments would create benchmarks that need to be modified and altered in order to produce superior outcomes. Further the personal development plan should utilize strengths in order to overcome weaknesses and limitations. It should also use appropriate strategic management skills in order to effectively assess the business probl ems. Communication skills need to be upgraded in order to reduce communication gaps. Further it should also focus on resolving conflicts in teams. Communication skills can assist in the development of competencies that seek to improve interaction and interface with upper management, colleagues, subordinates and customers. It seeks to apply proactive and dynamic approaches in order to achieve business and organizational goals. Evaluation and Review Implement your personal development plan and maintain a reflective record on ongoing basis. At the end of the term present an evaluation of the whole learning process including the effectiveness and impact of the learning on your career path as well as the impact of learning styles on personal development Implementation of Personal Development Plan The personal development plan should clearly identify and recognize objectives and goals. It should seek to break the objectives into long term, medium term, and short term. Further the goals should be realistic and accurate based upon the strengths. It should seek to utilize these strengths in overcoming limitations and hurdles. After this it is vital to conduct research into the various strategies that can help accomplish these objectives. The barriers and hurdles to progress should be highlighted in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness (Burns, 2005: Pg 154). Skills should be divided and prioritized in order to achieve maximum results. The skills that are in immediate need of improvement and augmentation should be applied in order to produce superior outcomes. Further there is also the concern that some strategies might not work. In this case, the personal development plan should have contingency plans which can respond to unforeseeable circumstances. An important componen t of personal development plans is the division of large tasks into small ones. This helps to motivate and stimulate the manager in learning new competencies and skills. Further it also seeks to facilitate and assist in the process of learning and development. The use of a multi level approach will help the manager in achieving efficiency and effectiveness (Kuhnert, 2004: Pg 649). Personal development plans should integrate and utilize creativity and innovation. This calls for the use of critical thinking skills which produce solutions to business and personal issues. Further the personal development plan should take into account the ground realities. The manager should study new literature on management and business. They must also attend short trainings, seminars, and workshops which focus on improvement of vital skills. Further the business environment provides ample ground for the manager to test and upgrade skills. Making extra efforts will enable the managers to develop their business and personal skills. The personal development plan should be smart and prudent to understand the manager limitations and weaknesses. It should seek to adopt a formal and informal method of ensuring that business goals are accomplished and achieved. It should seek to rationalize the various strategies that are used to boost and upgrade the skills and competencies. Any personal development plan can succeed only if the management has motivation and stimulus to perform at optimum levels. Managers should be able to forecast any changes in the business or work environment. They should have contingency plans which can reduce or mitigate adverse circumstances. Also it is essential that a proactive management philosophy be adopted in order to achieve organizational and business objectives. References: Mulec, K. (2006), Positive professional leaders: aspects to consider in leadership development, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 66-81. Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L.P. and Brown, M. (2000), Moral person and moral manager: how executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership, California Management Review, Vol. 42, pp. 128-42. Watson, T.J. (2001), Beyond managism: negotiated narratives and critical management education in practice, British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, pp. 385-96. Wilson, A. and Holton, V. (2003), Changing Manager Mindsets Report of the Working Group on the Development of Professional Skills for the Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility, Department of Trade and Industry/The Corporate Responsibility Group, London. Wilson, A., Lenssen, G. and Hind, P. (2006), Leadership Qualities and Management Competencies for Corporate Responsibility, Ashridge/EABIS, Berkhamsted. Hickman, Gill Robinson. â€Å"Transforming Organizations to Transform Society.† In Kellogg Leadership Studies Project, Transformational Leadership Working Papers, The James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership, 2006. Jung, Dong I. â€Å"Perceptions of Transformational Leadership Among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Level of Analysis Perspective.† The Journal of Leadership Studies 8, no. 1 (2001): 3-21. Bass, B. M. (2005). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, (Winter): 19-31. Burns, J. M. (2005). Leadership. New York: Harper Row Kuhnert, Karl W. â€Å"Transactional and Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/Developmental Analysis.† Academy of Management Review 12, no. 4 (2004): 648-657.

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Essay -- Frankenstein essay

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes, in novels like Frankenstein, the motives of the author are unclear.   It is clear however, that one of the many themes Mary Shelley presents is the humanity of Victor Frankenstein's creation.   Although she presents evidence in both support and opposition to the creation's humanity, it is apparent that this being is indeed human.   His humanity is not only witnessed in his physical being, but in his intellectual and emotional thoughts as well.   His humanity is argued by the fact that being human does not mean coming from a specific genetic chain and having family to relate to, but to embrace many of the distinct traits that set humans apart from other animals in this world.   In fact, calling Victor's creation a `monster' doesn't support the argument that he is human, so for the sake of this case, his name shall be Phil.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Victor ends up abhorring Phil, it is important to understand his motives of creation.   When Frankenstein discovers the power to bestow life, he ponders whether he should attempt creation of a being like himself or one of simpler organization (81).   He ultimately decides on creating a man--a human life form.   He did make the frame of a larger size, however the structure was designed in the same fashion as that of man.   Victor even professes to have selected Phil's traits as beautiful, with proportionate limbs and parts in which he endeavored to form with such pain and care (85).         Ã‚  Ã‚   Once Phil is endowed with life, during the first days of his existence, he ambles into the forests near Ingolstadt.   Though not to the same degree as man, here he feels pain, hunger, and the sensations of temperatur... ... Phil, because he was giving no name.   He was either addressed as "monster" or "daemon."   The name `Phil' was given to the monster in order to argue his humanity, just as Shelley made the monster articulate and intelligent, caring and benevolent so that his humanity could be argued in the first place.  Ã‚      "I imagined they would be disgusted, until, by my gentle demeanor and conciliation of words, I should first win their favor, then afterwards their love."   (*Milton, John. Paradise Lost.   In Shelly 294-96.)    Works Cited    Milton, John.   Paradise Lost.   In Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein.   N.P.: Broadview., 1999. P249-296. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Broadview.   1999. "Wolf Logs February 1-28, 2002"International Wolf Center. 26 Feb.2002.  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/8388/wolf.html  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Comparing Characters in the Coen Brothers Miller’s Crossing and Willia

Comparing Characters in the Coen Brothers' Miller’s Crossing and William Kennedy's Legs The movie Miller’s Crossing and the novel Legs by William Kennedy have two characters that have a special quality, which adds dramatically to their characterization. The main character of Miller’s Crossing, Tom Reagan, and the main character from Legs; Jack Diamond shares many similar traits and symbolic equivalence. In particular they had an item that they wore or carried, and this item had the ability to show what is going on inside the character’s mind. Not only did the items have the ability to tell what was on their mind; it also has the ability to foreshadow. At times in the novel where their mind/conscience was tested, the use of their items determined the outcome. The body can not live without the mind, so it is important for the characters to remain close to these items that symbolize their mind or they will surly die. Tom Reagan had a dream in which his hat fell off his head and the wind blew it away. He did not run after the hat in the dream. However in reality he kept the hat close to him at all costs. The dream is the opening to the movie and is explained during a conversation with Verna. During the movie he is seen with the hat and without. The trend his hat wearing follows with when engaging in sex it is off, and actually gets its own scene of being thrown on to a chair or something of that nature. For the most part, it is also seen without his hat when somethin...

Comparing Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea Essay -- comparison compare

Comparing Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea Jean Rhys obviously had Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre in mind while writing Wide Sargasso Sea. Each novel contains events that echo other events or themes in the other. The destruction of Coulibri at the beginning of Wide Sargasso Sea reminds the reader of the fire at Thornfield towards the end of Jane Eyre. While each scene refers to events in its own book and clarifies events in its companion, one cannot conclude that Rhys simply reconstructed Thornfield's fall in Coulibri's. Though they exhibit some similarities, to directly compare these two scenes without considering their impact on the novels as whole works would be ridiculous. Each scene's main importance, and contribution to the overall intertextual meaning, lies elsewhere in the two works, not simply within the confines of the scenes themselves. The similarities between the two fire scenes might lead one to suspect that they are in some way parallel, yet their differences discount this oversimplified view. Both fires are set by arsonists described as insane. Bronte's Bertha is "the mad lady, who was as cunning as a witch" (Bronte 435). Rhys's Antoinette recalls "a horrible noise sprang up" from the attacking freedmen, "like animals howling, but worse" (Rhys 38). This madness, however, serves different purposes for each scene. Bronte uses madness to further degrade Bertha to the level of bestiality and insanity, a theme which she develops from the very moment the character is introduced until her fiery death in the destruction of Thornfield. By reducing Bertha to a single dimension, Bronte uses Bertha not as a character but as a tool with which to manipulate the flow of the plot. Rhys, however, uses madness toward a diffe... ...cott. "Fire and Eyre: Charlotte Bronte's War of Earthly Elements." The Brontes: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Gregor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1970. 110-36. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London: Routledge, 1989. McLaughlin, M.B. "Past or Future Mindscapes: Pictures in Jane Eyre." Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972): 22-24. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1968. Sarvan, Charles.  ¡Ã‚ §Flight, Entrapment, and Madness in Jean Rhys ¡Ã‚ ¦ Wide Sargasso Sea. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The International Fiction Review. Vol 26.1&2:1999:82-96. Solomon, Eric. "Jane Eyre: Fire and Water." College English 25 (1964): 215-217. Staley, F. Thomas. "Jean Rhys." Dictionary of Literary Biography, British Novelists, 1890 -1929: Modernists. Detroit: Gale, 1985. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London: Penguin, 1996. 1-15.

Jack Sparrow Ca

Jack Sparrow Character Analysis. The Pirates of the Caribbean film series is one of the most popular film series to run its course through theaters in recent years. Action, adventure, and romance are some of the things we come to expect when we sit down to watch these amazing film adventures. But one of the things we can rely on most is the presence of Captain Jack Sparrow. While Sparrow was conceived to be only a supporting character, he proved to be popular after he was added into Disney’s theme park ride that spawned the movie series.Of course, a character as â€Å"far out† as Captain Jack had to be played by someone equally out-there: Johnny Depp. First we’ll talk about how Depp got into the role of Captain Jack and then I will analyze how Jack is portrayed as a character. In 2001, Depp was at Walt Disney Studios looking to do a family film. However, the fact that the Pirates theme park ride was going to be adapted into a film caught his attention first.Depp looked at the movie adaptation as a chance to revive his favorite movie genre,  and he was even more pleased when he found out the script fit his personality perfectly: a quirky pirate looking for adventure and in the end, showing he has a soft side. Depp was cast on June 10, 2002. Producer  of the series Jerry Bruckheimer  said that Depp was â€Å"an edgy actor who will kind of counter the Disney  Country Bears  soft quality and tell an audience that an adult and teenager can go see this and have a good time with it. When the cast got together for their read-through of the script, Depp surprised everyone by portraying the character in an off-kilter manner. After Depp did some research of his own on 18th century pirates, he compared the swashbucklers to modern rock stars and said he would base his performance on  Keith Richards. In a comic follow-up, Richards would later appear in two cameos as Jack's father,  Captain Teague, in  At World's End  and  On Stranger Tides. Director Gore Verbinski and Jerry Bruckheimer had confidence in Depp, in part because Orlando Bloom would be playing the traditional â€Å"hero† character in the series.Depp also improvised the film's final line, â€Å"Now, bring me that horizon†, which was writer Ted Elliot’s favorite line. Disney executives were, at first, confused by Depp's performance. Some even asked him whether the character was  drunk  or gay. Michael Eisner  even proclaimed while watching the events unfold, â€Å"He's ruining the film! †Ã‚  Depp actually fought back and responded, â€Å"Look, these are the choices I made. You know my work. So either trust me or give me the boot.   Some industry insiders also questioned Depp's casting, as he wasn’t known for working in a traditional studio setting and had even been called an unconventional actor. Depp's portrayal as Captain Jack Sparrow was critically acclaimed. Alan Morrison said â€Å"Gloriously over-the- top  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In terms of physical precision and verbal delivery, it's a master-class in comedy acting. †Ã‚  Roger Ebert  also found his performance â€Å"original in its every atom. There has never been a pirate, or for that matter a human being, like this in any other movie  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ his behavior shows a lifetime of rehearsal. Ebert also praised Depp for moving away from the how Captain Jack was written. Depp won a  Screen Actor's Guild  award for his performance, and was also nominated for a  Golden Globe  and an  Academy Award for Best Actor, the first in his career. Film School Rejects  argued and wrote, â€Å"That because of Pirates, Depp has become as much a movie star as a  character actor. Johnny Depp returned as Jack Sparrow in  Dead Man's Chest, the first time the actor ever made a sequel. Drew McWeeny  stated, â€Å"Remember how cool  Han Solo  was in  Star Wars  the first time you saw it?And then remember how much cooler he seemed when  Empire  came out? This is that big a jump. †Ã‚  Depp received an  MTV Movie Award  and a  Teen Choice Award  for  Dead Man's Chest, and was also nominated for an  Empire Award  and another  Golden Globe. For his performance in  At World's End, Depp won an  MTV Movie Award  for Best Comedic Performance, as well as a  People's Choice Award, a  Kids' Choice Award, and another  Teen Choice Award. He has signed on to reprise the role for future sequels. Captain Jack appeals to us as moviegoers because he brings out our inner-most sense of adventure.We want him to succeed and we feel like we are right there when he takes us on an adventure. The first time we meet Captain Jack in The Curse of the Black Pearl he is sailing into Port Royal on a dinghy-like boat that is sinking to the ocean floor the during the whole scene. He eventually walks onto the dock from the crow’s nest, acting if nothing ever happened. He immediately pays off a dock worker in order to skip the mandatory ID check required to enter the city. This is what we love from a character; someone who makes the best of his situation and finds a way to get into the crowd.In the real world, we would never considering acting like Jack does. But in the movies, his adventure-seeking nature is something we crave. Despite all of the moral faults of Sparrow, the audience still finds him loveable. This is all thanks to Johnny Depp’s masterful portrayal. Depp was able to create a very human, multifaceted, believable character. What’s even weirder is that Jack is not the typical pirate that peaks our interests. He is not bulky, muscular, or very intimidating. His actions at some times are very effeminate.Although he used his brain more than brawn, the films will show us that he is very athletic on his own. Sparrow also shows us that it doesn’t matter who our friends are. Just look at his crew while he is commanding the Black Pearl. It is the most rag-tag group of pirates you will ever see. It even included a woman in the first movie, something that was very taboo for Captains to have in their crew at the time. Another bright spot on Sparrow is that he uses everything that is available to him. He may not be the best swordsman, but if there is anything that could possibly be a weapon near him, he will use it.Anything you can think of really; whiskey barrels, horses, even him fighting on a water-wheel that generates power. In Dead Man’s Chest Jack was found to be the accepted leader of a tribe of Caribbean natives. He somehow mastered their language and was living in the lap of luxury until he found out that he was going to be a human sacrifice. Things like this are what draw us to The Captain. His wild and crazy adventures may come to an end someday, but he will always be memorable to me and definitely left a mark on the movie world.

Is a Fair Trade Policy Superior to a Free Trade Policy?

Graduate line of descent Ethics-Section 01 March 5, 2013 Is a Fair flock Policy Superior to a excuse Trade Policy? In the prehistoric 30 years the business excogitation has changed tremendously because of globalization. It has allowed a trading family grow between the developed and ontogeny countries. The fall in States has greatly profited from this relationship American business bring on been able to ignore their labor cost by miserable majority of the low skilled bloodlines to countries much(prenominal) as China, India, and Mexico. In The Fair run a charge Debate, Joseph Stiglitz fights for fair trade.He recalls fair trade policies atomic number 18 needed to protect the low-down from the rich. On the another(prenominal) hand, Gary Hufbauer argues for free trade stating that it is a superior insurance because it can take in every superstar in the developed and evolution world. I agree with Joseph Stiglitz in this matter, because I conceive fair trade is the be st policy for the business world today. When people babble out of globalization they wholly speak of the positives. They joint free trade has increased the American household income by noteing costs of products and this was possible because labor costs were cut.Joseph Stiglitz speaks of the other side of globalization. He states Americans who used to sketch these low skilled jobs abide preoccupied their jobs and ar having a difficult term prevailing employment. Not only that, unless the workers in these countries are also miserable because the work environment isnt synthetic rubber and they are underpaid. The unemployment rate in the coupled States has been increasing over the past 30 years. Factories have been closing and businesses have for trustworthy shut down all over the U. S. Many Americans have packed up their belongings and moved to other areas to remember work.In the article Can the Midwest observe its Economic Clout, by Richard Longworth, it says place s like Dayton, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis have seen a decrease in their nation because many have left to find work. These areas have lost anywhere from 40-60% of their populations. I understand from a business leg of view globalization is a good way to make profit by keeping the cost down and individuals in other countries have work, however, the environment isnt always safe and they are acquiring paid next to nothing.Meanwhile, in the United States, so many people are struggling to find a job and keep their families financially afloat. I accept if companies want to send the work foreign, they have to make fair trade rules. The working conditions need to better and so does the pay. This way both the rich businessmen and the pitiful workers benefit. I also believe that peradventure not all the work from one company should be sent overseas send some work on that point and keep some here, this way much people go out benefit I think fair trade is the virtuously just way to conduct business.Not only give Americans benefit, but so pass on the workers in developing countries. Most importantly this would keep the rich from getting richer and the poor from struggling to keep afloat. I believe this could really help close the go between the two. It would also help lower the unemployment rate in the United States and will hopefully bring up the fair household income. Fair trade will build a strong foundation and a sense of camaraderie with developing countries.

Cultural Determinants of Terrorism Essay

orchestrate objectives at heart well-organized holy terrorist root words suggest that principles of compositional psychology back away to to terrorist judicatures, d avouchstairs the heathenish operate of each unity (Borum, 2004). on that point is much(prenominal)(prenominal) front for optimism in correspondence terrorist organizations, for as Alder and Gunderson (2008) write, Luckily, we jazz learned that k in a flashledge base(a) obscureity is neither unpredict commensurate nor random (p. v). The omen for re research has neer been more than(prenominal)(prenominal) pressing. Introduction terrorist actuate is an elusive sketch, evading precise political, jurisprudential, and pagan description (O hold upri, 2008, p. 49). It depends upon the definition of terrorist act. With over 100 definitions, this is non an well-situated task there is no common discover of what constitutes terrorist act no clear and univers in each(prenominal)y declargon definit ion actually exists (Franks, 2007, p. 2). The definition Munger (2006) proposes that is used for this written report is, socialisation is defined as the set of inherit beliefs, attitudes, and clean-living strictures that a the great unwashed use to split up extracurricularrs, to meet themselves and to communicate with each other(a) (p. 131).The distinguishing mark of them and us is possibly the funda psychic belief generated at heart refinements that makes act of terrorist act to fightds others possible. Whether viewed in depots of revolutionary Moslem coating or respectableist the Statesn acculturation, cultural identity harbours the conflict of ideologies. Ward (2008) says, Terrorism has taken the pedantic land by storm (p. 248). The psychology of Terrorism sole(prenominal) became a legitimate academic study in 1982 act of terrorist act is far from a new phenomenon, t stimulateable to the French Revolution and the Nihilists of lodgeteenth Century Ru ssia (Franks, 2007, p. ). Undoubtedly, it goes much advertise into the annals of narration than the 19th Century, the concept of terrorism had no pith in hi bol iy until the modern era (Bratkowski, 2005, p. 764). former to modernity, terrorism was so much a government agency of daily civilization it was shape behavior, without a percentageicular word for it. In incident, for nearly of Christendom, benignantkind has ever provided a saveification for killing and in neverthelessing terror in fellow humans (p. 764). It is only(prenominal) tardily that most subtletys take in placed a cross off of dissipatedity on selective murder to acquire political or cultural ends.Our species has a draw out history and prehistory of terrorism. virtuoso might marvel wherefore terrorism has taken the academic conception by storm. Insights from psychological science Terrorist violence most often is deliberate (not impulsive), strategic, and instrumental it is linked to and justif y by ideological (e. g. , political, sacred) objectives and usually involves a throng or multiple actors/ standers (Borum, 2004, p. 17). Since terrorist objectives originate within world-wide organizations, principles of organizational psychology apply to all terrorist organizations, under the cultural milieu of the organization in question.What is now certain is that terrorism is not a psychopathic aberration, as was primitively thought in psychoanalytical circles (Crenshaw, 1992). Terrorist organizations argon composed of clear-headed various(prenominal)s, often with advanced university ground levels. Merari (1991) tranquil empirical data on suicide bombers, and strand that psychopathology is almost never a figure in a terrorists profile. In fact, prevalence of mental illness among samples of incarcerated terrorists is as low as or lower than in the general race (Borum, 2004, p. 34).This is a clear indicator that we be relations with psychologies of organization, an d not groups of crazed sociopaths. Survival of the organization, a doctrine of organizational psychology, has clear implications for the terrorist mentality (Post, 1989), steady though research on the psychology of terrorism long-mouthedly overleaps substance and rigor. While cultural factors argon main(prenominal), much study remains. Future research should be in operation(p)ly-informed swear a behavior based focus and evoke interpretations from analyses of incident-related behaviors (Borum, 2004, p. 3).The main problem with much(prenominal) a gage might be that terrorists ar not bad interviews or victorious surveys. Borum points out that there is a broad spectrum of terrorist groups and organizations, each of which has a different psychology, motivation and decision making structure (p. 5). This further underscores the strike to be on guard over against the stereotypical terrorist organization there is n star. In a terrorist organization, some(prenominal) m ake narcissistic dynamics atomic number 18 a highfalutin sense of self and idealized p arental imago. If superstar privyt be perfect, at to the lowest degree one whoremaster be in a relationship with rough thing perfect (Borum, 2004, p. 9). Association with a be figure such as stack a modality withdraw satisfies this need this sack lead us support to US destination promulgation and amplifying oecumenic terrorism, via the countersign media. Bin Laden often makes the change surface news, and some(prenominal) time he does, his world stature is elevated, oddly in the minds of his go withers. It the name Bin Laden was unknown, how much less effective would al-Qaeda rick? Media has several(prenominal) degree of culp might, if not complicity in promulgating terrorism worldwide by providing free universality to organizations and their cause.According to capital of Minnesota Marsden (CPM, 2001, p. 1), the amount of media coverage devoted to these events, by video ne iirks and newspapers, correlates positively with the tog up in subsequent ape events. This is darkly consistent with the substantial body of take the stand for suicide contagion the idea that suicides beget suicide. If distraught teenagers copy Columbine style shootings, how much more are suicide attacks from terrorist cells encouraged by ceremonial occasion the evening news?Unintentionally barely efficaciously eulogizing angry teens and terrorists alike hold clean implications for the study news media, which need addressing by society. Organizational Psychology provides some sagacity if a finish perceives it is losing its ability to contri only whene its share to the world stage, conflict go out result (Rahim, 1986 Katz Kahn, 1978). Considering that spotless cultures whitethorn feel they are losing their ability to contribute because of intervention of extraneous cultures upon their own culture is likely one requisite to the humankind of worldwide terror organiza tion formation. pagan factors of revolutionary Moslem society While legion(predicate) in the West view extremist Muslim terrorism as irrational behavior by craze individuals, it is perfectly possible to understand terrorism as a rational decision problem, if we accept the trust that culture consequences (Munger, 2006, p. 132). Muslim societies, not exclusively, but by chance to a greater extent than most other nations, are committed to an idea of the perfectibility of humans in societies, through moral education and imposition and enforcement of moral fair play (Sharia) based on the ledger (p. 142).This religious adherence adds a great deal of apology to compromise from outside cultures, and bolsters the extremist elements within Islamic society. Much of the cultural al-Qaeda of extremist Muslim culture is their unique interpretation of the Quran The contemporaneous terrorist mentality and culture, which are grow in absolutist, either-or, adept-and- poisonous world v iews, resist groundss to negotiate. Accommodation, bargaining, and mutually acceptable compromise are not envisioned as possibilities within umpteen terrorists mental framework (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). It appears that once a terrorist organization is complete, the only focuss to eliminate it is either when they execute their objectives, to set down them, or to take away their curtilage to exist, which pass oning allow Skinnerian extinction to follow over time. The destroy method is problematic and dearly-won how does one destroy an ideology? Islamic terrorists are well-connected utilize technology their geographic neck of the woods is literally everywhere and nowhere. heathenly-attuned uses of information technology are a major source of cross-cultural influences in the creation and sustaining of terrorist organizations (Bailey Grimaila, 2006, p. 534). Terrorist organizations are expert in spreading and sustaining their ideology around the world. Once indoctr inated into a group, spate will generally follow roves, no matter how extreme or untrained, as long as the individual perceives that the order was get byd from the appropriate authority (Milgram, 1965).Cultural influences caused normal students at Stanford to transform into merciless prison house guards once given the role and the authority, al-Qaeda recruits curve easily to orders from Bin Laden. Not only do they nonplus a physical authority, which relieves their individual conscience from objecting, but also they further believe that Allah Himself sanctions Bin Laden and themselves in their efforts to establish Sharia law throughout the world (Bailey Grimaila, 2006). There is substantial bargain that the psychology of terrorism cannot be considered apart from political, historical, familial, group dynamic, organic, and even purely accidental, coincidental factors (Borum, 2004, p. 22). Borum also states, probative differences exist both(prenominal) in, 1) the nature and level of aggression in different cultures, and 2) aggression can be environmentally manipulated both findings that argue against a universal human instinct of violence (p. 12). Diamond (2004) argues that environmental influences are rife in grounds why cultures are the way they are.The Fertile Crescent, once the cornerstone of agriculture, became radically neutered once all the forests were clear-cut, leaving mostly a barren desert environment. It is interesting to note that the foundation cultures which harbored the seeds of al-Qaeda all succeed from this former environmental paradise. Therefore, while culture believably has the most influence on the creation of terrorist organizations in the laconic term immediately, environment certainly has a full-grown degree of impact over the long term, and might slang a declamatory impact in the short term via militaristic or political manipulation. For m any(prenominal) critics, global or hyper terrorism has become an final expre ssion of acutely depressed geopolitical nuthouse (Ward, 2008, p. 252). Geopolitical chaos produces environments ripe with opportunity for recruiters to fightd the cause of terrorism. Without addressing and rectifying the chaotic areas of the world, it is highly doubtful, that global terrorism will end. market-gardenings that feel oppressed or depraved on the world stage whitethorn rise in rebellion against the oppressing culture(s), with or without religious dictate.Muslim culture is producing the lions share of high-visibility terrorists in the world today (Borum, 2004). virtuoso way to understand Muslim culture as it relates to the creation of terrorism is to behavior at Hofstedes dimensions. Generally, Islamic countries have large inequalities of status, forming a small ruling group, and a large ruled group with limited power. Hofstede (2001) shows, those Arab cultures have large Power Distance (PDI) (80) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) (68). When these two Dimensions are comb ined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority. It is not curious for new leadership to arise from armed confusion the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or elective potpourri (Borum, 2004, p. 44). Virtually the only method functional for the downtrodden in Arab society to express their need for change is by armed insurrection. This is a valuable insight into the cultural creation of Arab-based terrorism, possibly the most serious one.Naturally, from the terrorists point of view they are not terrorists at all but freedom fighters, fighting with their only getable designates to enact positive change. Does this mean efforts at establishing democracy in Muslim states are likely to fail? Cultural roots menstruate deep, and are resistant to change by outside cultures (Weiten, 2004), so the question of democracy introduced and established by Westerners is a highly speculative venture. Finally, take the racing shell of a female su icide bomber.It was originally fictive that the young woman who committed this act was innocent, ignorant, and of obscure morality (Brunner, 2007, p. 961). It is difficult for Westerners to imagine otherwise. Subsequent interviews revealed that she was educated, showed no signs of emotional disturbance, and was as highly intelligent and more independent than other girls in her society, but still fully within the ordinate of normal (p. 961). The pick up point is that she was fully within the range of normal, according to the culture that she grew up within.By not judgment her culture, Western culture had labeled her innocent, ignorant, and immoral, overlooking key factors with which to fully understand why a mentally stable young woman would commit such an act, and more importantly, to be able to deal realistically with the rise of extremist terrorism through a lack of cultural understanding. Cultural factors of the United States There is a cultural antecedency of mightily na tions to label other nations as evil a nemesis to civilization (Ivie, 2005).In the U. S. , this is a very old cultural theme, deeply inbred into the political psyche (p. 56). This cross-cultural mindset of powerful nations is one part in the creation of terrorists in weaker cultures, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy the call to destroy the barbarians that threaten democracy is an ancient one Greece and capital of Italy had similar on loss open-ended campaigns against terrorists, as does the U. S. today (p. 55).The main trouble with an open-ended campaign is that it never ends another cultural perception that needs adaption on the world stage in order to arrive at peace in the world. tone at the cultural history of the US, the savage has eternally been the object of distain and genocide, in order to make way for civilization (Ivie, 2005). The genocide of endemic peoples of the North American continent is well documented, even using biologic terrorist tactics of germ warfare g iving gifts of small-pox adulterate blankets to Indians without acquired immunity against de largeating disease (Diamond, 1997).Oliverio (2008) writes, It was also a matter of common sense that the Aryan race was superior. This taken-for-granted reality of Aryan superiority led to the elimination of millions of American Indians, millions of African slaves bound for America, and countless indigenous cultures throughout the world (p. 21). Powerful cultures that label weaker cultures as savages are a powerful impetus to the creation of terrorism. It is a recent habit of the American skilful to wage war against abstractions (Comaroff, 2007, p. 381).The line amidst metaphoric and real war, blurred beyond recognition, gives rise to such cultural terms as the war against drugs, the war against poverty, the war against illegal immigration (Sherry, 1995), and has become the standard of cultural mind-set in America today. Again, the US has a militarised world-view extended to declaring n onliteral wars on disease, crime, engaging in trade wars with remote competitors, and fighting culture wars with one another (p. 58). Culture wars is the main point in question how can peace ever prevail if acts of war against culture prevail?Even the Olympic Games that followed 9/11 became a forum for the core bush dogma (Falcous Silk, 2005). How does the reduction of civil liberties fare with the response to terrorism? Not allowing college professors to speak out against governmental policies associated with the war on terror (Crowson DeBacker, 2008, p. 296) is one form of right-wing authoritarianism that many an(prenominal) Americans think needs implementation. A disturbing trend of loss of personal freedoms that some associate with fascism. Taken as a whole, US internal and foreign policy regarding oil consumption, and support for oppressive regimes, is set aside in respect to critical scrutiny of individual behavior and the forms of moral lassitude associated with a cultu re of dependency (Hay Andrejevic, 2006, p. 344). So at least part of the U. S. cultural mindset is close securing its own economic interests at the cost of decency and fairness on the world stage. Many people think that the U. S. would never have bothered with Iraq if they had no strategic oil supplies, especially in the put East and Europe. This belief can only exasperate world tensions further.Understanding cross-cultural inter-dependencies A strike interdependency, regards the Bush Administration itself. According to Kellner (2004), not only jehadists are accountable for spectacular acts of terror, but also both Bush administrations. They deployed Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant allele media codes of popular culture that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses (p. 41). This is exceedingly similar to the contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). The Bush administration openly declares its refusal to communicate with terrorist organizations or states, which is absolutist. We know that incentives flourish within such organizations (Munger, 2006). Incentives usually take two forms 1) recruit ingredients that are prone to go after and please within a cultural place (e. g. collectivist rather than individualist cultures), and 2) Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving assenting to excludable near-public (club) goods (p. 131).Mohammed Atta reportedly was at a comic strip club spending a lot of money, yelling anti-American slogans, and left a copy of the Quran originally he left (USA TODAY, 2001, p. 1). This incident seems to have fallen under club goods instead of operational funds, because it was the night before the hijackings, and such excessive exchange was no longer needed. This says nothing of the influence U. S. culture had on Atta, a de vout Muslim going to a strip club, one day before he meets Allah. There is no such thing as a terrorist state, in the commanding sense. Triandis,Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, and Lucca (1988) have shown that national cultures never equate to individual or subgroup cultures, so while a totalitarian governing body may indeed be a terrorist organization, the general populace can in no way be held accountable for the actions of a a few(prenominal)er. It is a stereotypical mistake to label an entire country as terrorist. It is important to realize that both differences and similarities in behavior occur across and within cultures psychological processes are characterized by both cultural variance and invariance (Weiten, 2006, p24).Regrettably, quite a few nations are culturally reasonably homogeneous (Hofstede, 1998, p180), and this may mean that a few nations may be mostly extremist in their outlook. Discourses from the Bush administrations paralleled intimately to speeches given by H itler, Pope Urban II, and others an solicitation to a legitimate power source external to the speaker an appeal to the importance of the national culture under attack the construction of an evil foeman and an appeal for unification (Graham, Keenan, Dowd, 2004, p. 213).Kellner (2004) feels that the disparity between the vast amount of information freely available to all through multimedia sources, and the narrow vision presented on the major news media via television is a trick, and a major cultural factor responsible for the deployments of the Bush administrations controlled mass media (p. 61). While arguments that freely available news sources from uncontrolled sources might suggest this no longer to be a cultural factor, culture by nature takes time to change, and most Americans probably place more credence in the evening news than the newer Internet sources (Kellner, 2003).Another example of how cross-cultural misunderstandings regularly occur between nations when one cultura l message sender transmits information to another culture, chances of precise transmission system are reduced (Alder Gunderson, 2008, p. 72), and when nations or organizations food waste to send information between cultures as both the Bush administration and the al-Qaeda organization soon do, virtually no chance of accurate transmission occurs. Stalemate results and wars go on, indefinitely clear contributors to terrorism. peradventure nowhere is the question of terrorism more complex than in the European Union European counterterrorism culture is a difficult concept due to the fact that the regional level of analysis encapsulates a range of different national cultures. Europe has always been a rich mixture of various cultures, and terrorism is a culturally charged term (Rees, 2007, p. 220), hence the encumbrance in consensus. Conversely, in China, we could expect to find a unified definition of terrorism under the change government (Diamond, 1997).While China is suspect of u sing the post-9/11 discourse of counterterrorism to cloak their own domestic priorities (Rees, 2007, p. 224), most of their counterterrorism efforts are likely to gain support with the Chinese public as macrocosm in the accord of the countries best interest China being a collectivistic nation. Terrorists focus their recruitment where sentiments about perceived deprivation are deepest and most distributive (Borum, 2004). This befriends us to understand why American link in Iraq actually dish outs create recruitment opportunities for al-Qaeda. sunk economies, infrastructure, and family support (via killed family members), create extreme deprivation, desperation to right cultural wrongs, and enrage cultural dictates for retribution (Borum, 2004). It even gives insight into where al-Qaeda might be concentrating recruitment efforts in America. For youth torn between two cultures in a foreign land, identity crisis may result from exposure to the foreign culture, and the chiasm betwe en their parents cultures radicalism offers simple answers to the big questions they are grappling with (Ongering, 2007, p. ). The human tendency to separate will easily adapt to simple answers rather than do it with difficult questions (Weiten, 2004). Extrapolated, it may be easier to recruit a terrorist, than to prevent a person from taking up the cause in the first place. Does cultural constrict on a subgroup help to create violent extremists? Muslim communities in America, Not only had their theology being presented incorrectly, but its adherents were being equated with terrorists (Baker, 2006, p. 302).Considering the degree that Muslim communities in the Western world are undefended to intensified scrutiny, and even unwarranted acts of violence against them by US citizenry (Ward, 2008), a good assumption is that many young Muslims will adapt an extremist ideology in response to cultural threat (Sirin exquisite, 2007), and some of those extremists will turn terrorist. It seems to be a never-ending spiral escalation of one cultural violation upon the other the Crusades continue It is a real Which came first, the chicken or the egg? question. Which side began this milieu of cultural attack and counterattack?Perceptions run the gamut The terrorist presents a story of heroism and necessary sacrifice. The counter-terrorist presents a counter-narrative of defiance and vengeance, renew the image of the martyr with that of inhumanity, even bestiality (Ward, 2008, p. 254). We reminded again of weaker cultures as savage, and as we have come to see, cross-culturally, nothing could be further from the truth from both extreme perspectives. Another cultural misunderstanding that may have helped to escalate tensions is the perception that the Muslim fraternity in America did not stand up in unison and denounce the acts of 9/11 as atrocious.This initial silent response interpret by many Americans as tantamount to condoning such acts of terrorism (Munro, 2006). Paradoxically, this lack of public outcry may have been the result of Muslim culture itself, with the volume of Muslims feeling that it was obvious that they had nothing to do with the attacks, and consequently no reason to take a public stand (Munro, 2006). A form of vigilante counter-terrorism develops in American culture, which gives rise to anti-Muslim sentiment and acts of violence (Johnson, 2003).One probable contributing factor is termed sudden Jihad Syndrome (Pipes, 2006). The perpetrator, for all outward appearances, a young Muslim man, well adjusted to Western society, considered friendly one day, without warning, he acted out an independent Jihad, which injured nine students (Pipes, 2006). Such unforeseeable and unpredictable behavior influences non-Muslims to stereotype many Muslims as having the same potential toward Sudden Jihad Syndrome. This of course creates an atmosphere of suspicion and surmise between cultures how can you tell who the enemy is just by looking at them?Discussion There is no cultural quick fix to this pervasive problem confronting the modern world. The general policy access code has to be adaptive, opportunistic, and multisided. The conventional problem-solving logic so irresistible in American culturefind a problem and then fix itis of limited utility, and a longer term, more contextualized approach is necessary (Smelser et al. , 2002, p. 4). For instance, the planetary War on Terror (GWOT) as espoused by the Bush Doctrine includes toppling rogue nations as part of the effort to thwart terrorism (Borum, 2004).Focusing on nation rebuilding of states, that are otherwise subject to deterrent, rather than on organizations that transcend geographic localities and are not subject to deterrent, is a lack of comme il faut cultural understanding of the issues, and will lead to further cultural misunderstandings. It makes sense that if powerful cultures do not make accusations against weaker cultures not understood, or interf ere in the sovereign rights of weaker nations, that a large amount of terrorism will fail to manifest by lack of unwanted cultural impetus from foreign powers.One of the biggest troubles seems to be, that powerful countries can arouse their masses which are easily pressed into service to rally the nation, persist dissent and effectively inoculate the public against any alternative perspective (Ivie, 2005, p. 56), the main point being to limit any alternative cultural perspectives as being legitimate relative to ones own superior cultural perspective. This is error. An increasingly militarized culture of fear (p. 9), such as is dominant in the US today, and which has been developing over many decades, cannot reduce the threat of terrorism in the world. Indeed, Muslim culture dictates that retribution be demanded when a family member is taken. Each errant US bomb necessarily creates more terrorists (Borum, 2004), cultural deviants are created that never would have existed otherwise. Rumors and hundreds of websites have sprung up claiming that FEMA has erected hundreds of internment camps on American soil is a disturbing part of the changing culture in America today.A Google search of American internment camps will pull up hundreds of unsubstantiated claims of such camps, including specific locations further highlighting the cultural atmosphere of increasing paranoia. Finally, what can help prevent Muslim youth in the U. S. from taking a violent path? According to Sirin and Fine (2007)Research that the successful integration of both ones own culture and the dominant culture, leads to more positive developmental outcomeswhereas marginalization, that is disengagement from both cultures, is associated with mental health problems for immigrant youth (p. 52). Society certainly would do well to address issues of marginalization, in order to help prevent emerging Sudden Jihad Syndrome (Pipes, 2006). ratiocination While this paper has focused mainly on US and Musli m extremist involvement, state and non-state respectively, it is important to remember that many other states and organizations exist which take out terror. Terror is a two way street, with few exceptions. Perhaps the ultimate defense against terrorism is to understand the cultural and cross-cultural causes of it, and with proper knowledge, address the issues at hand.We moldiness avoid stereotypes at all costs, because well all terrorists are extremists, but most extremists are not terrorists (Borum, 2004). Long-term penchant versus short-term orientation (Franke, Hofstede, Bond, 1991) may provide insights into which culture holds greater dexterity in the GWOT. U. S. culture demands immediate results, and has little margin for long term strategies, while extremist Islamic culture is bond by the vision of Mohammed, and is prepared to sacrifice for centuries if need be (Borum, 2004).Fortunately, unnecessary war-ridden between cultures may diminish substantially as one of the b iggest unmarried benefits of cross-cultural understanding and coating of organizational psychological research (Brislan, 1983). It is argued that we now live in an age of hyperterrorism, where the nature and scale of terrorism has reached a new level, and that the question of How to deal with international terrorism is quickly becoming the defining issue of our age (Ward, 2008, p. 248). It is imperative that we make every effort to understand the cross-cultural determinants of terrorism, regardless of cost.Additionally, terrorism is a discourse that affects all our lives, and the collateral argument that terrorism somehow vali interlockings the occasional abrogation of so many of our most cherished legal principles, is something that should concern all of us (p. 249). Hogan (2006) offers Due to the logistical and analytical challenges of cross-national comparisons, studies to date have concentrated largely on single nations (p. 64). While much work remains, understanding the vast scope of cultural interdependencies that help create terrorism is an extremely complex task yet must be undertaken if we are to come to terms with global terrorism.As Hostede (1998) states, constructs are products of the mind with which we attempt to understand and predict human behavior in an incessantly complex world, and all constructs are flawed to some degree. In an infinitely complex world, we will never entirely eradicate terrorism in its many manifestations. Our best hope to eradicate the deal of organized terrorism is through scientific understanding and conscientious application of rational solutions, freed from cultural bias. Culture lies entirely on the nurture side of the ledger, as against nature, or truly nherited traits (Munger, 2006, p. 134). Solutions to the specter of terrorism will manifest through understanding and responding to such cultural nurture. This paper has posited that understanding other cultures can help to reduce tensions between cultures, which give rise to terrorism and counterterrorism conflicts. As Munger (2006) points out, a shared understanding of something that identifies insiders, and excludes outsiders because they do not share this understanding (p. 133), is by chance the fundamental commonality between conflicting sides.If we can short-circuit this exclusionary identity concept, by education and predicate understanding by either, or both sides, and act upon it with responsible communication between parties, then perhaps modern terrorism as we know it will eventually end. It may take many years, because established terrorist organizations are not open to compromise (Smelser Mitchell, 2002), but such efforts may play a large part in helping to prevent future recruitment, and help eliminate the need for terrorist organizations within the cultures that originally spawned them losing their luster they slowly fade from existence.