The Good Shepherd And Thomas Groome s Shared Christian...

At first glance, it may seem as if the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd and Thomas Groome’s Shared Christian Praxis have nothing in common with one another, but while they do share many differences, they also share some similarities. In terms of teaching the divine pedagogy, the two catechetical approaches of the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd and Shared Christian Praxis have some similar and some different theological, philosophical, and educational principles, which aid in the effectiveness of their practice for their specific target age group. First, the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd is a specific form of catechesis aimed towards children ages 3 to 12. There are three levels involved with this form of catechesis: level one (3-6 year olds), level two (7-9 year olds), and level three (10-12 year olds). The name of the space where this catechesis occurs is â€Å"The Atrium,† and the Atrium is designed specifically for the children with small tables, chairs, and shelves. A child’s capacity for understanding God should be taken seriously, and the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd does this. In fact, it can be said that â€Å"children have an extraordinary capacity for prayer,† and â€Å"theirs is a prayer of praise and thanksgiving, which expresses the nearness and transcendence of God† (Cavalletti, 44). Through the Atrium, the children are able to build a relationship of love with the Good Shepherd, and they are able to learn and embrace the beauty of silence. The children engage

Religion is Detrimental to Society and the Individual

For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action; it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts†¦Now, even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other, nevertheless they exist between the two strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies. Though religion may be that which determine the goals, it has, nevertheless, learned from science, in the broadest sense, what means will contribute to the attainment of the goals it has set up.† - Albert Einstein (1940) A religion is an organized†¦show more content†¦Egypt had a hierarchy of gods that stated that the after life was thought to be reserved for elites. Only those who passed Osiris â€Å"weighing of the heart’ on judgement day, tested how well the individual behaved in their life time. Greco- Roman gods were held above everyone else with human personalities and supernatural powers. These people had the belief that you could do everything right and still lose since forces beyond out control shape our lives, and that respect for the gods was the most important above all. Norse religion was associated with Vikings, who were known for stealing and fighting were punished for stealing only if it was not done in a courageous fashion (O’brien, 2014). Hinduism requires a devotion to a particular god and consequences of actions follow the individual though the next life, with the hierarchy of social classes determining the affects of the afterlife. Buddhism says that each life is a combination of a particular impermanent circumstance that is the doctrine of dependent origination (Open University, 2014). It is clear that regardless of religion, all require different recommendations in order to be deemed ‘good’ to achieve the afterlife. Religions are all conflicting which provides no stability to their claims of a higher power and decency, especially regarding hierarchies and social class structure. Marx believes that religion develops out of the longings of the oppressed and it is aShow MoreRelatedReligion and its Effect on Society and Individuals Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, society has come to evolve and progressively become more efficient as society’s viewpoints and perspectives on various aspects of life have also changed. However, the one aspect of life that has stayed constant has been religion. The impact of a constant religious opinion on a changing society has detrimental and benign effects on the populace of such a society. Religion was partly created in an effort to answer the questions that couldn’t be answered in any other way; to provideRead MoreControversy Over Religion s Impact On Society1266 Words   |  6 PagesDevin Arrants Ms. Sidle English III AP/DC per. 3 3 November 2015 Word Count: 1328 The Controversy of Religion in A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur’s Court Religion provides answers, evokes a sense of comfort in the unknown, and designs a moral code; however controversy now surrounds this subject regarding whether religion’s impact is more detrimental or beneficial to a society as a whole. Mark Twain’s narrator, Hank Morgan, travels back in time and attempts to accelerate the advancement of theseRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Karl Marx1690 Words   |  7 Pages The works of German philosopher’s Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx have played significant roles in the development of different sects of philosophy and religion. Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia, now presently Kaliningrad, to a devout, poverty-stricken family of eleven children. Through his works, it is evident that Kant was raised in the religious teachings and values of pietism as his theories show a heavy influence of his religious upbringing. Kant as a young boy was accustomedRead MoreThe Human Race Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the individual to fully understand and discover everything about the Creator. Each person is different, and each person understands and discovers differently. Everyone has a different background, and it is impossible (according to Kuyper) to fully lose the differences between people, namely nationality, religion, or social class (Wolterstorff, 11). Those three categories are crucial for defining the individual, but are still categories that generalize the qualities of the individual. A ChristianRead MoreEssay about Eth 125 Diversity Worksheet611 Words   |  3 Pageswhich include cognitive, affective, and behavioral. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism means preferencing and individual’s culture over the cultures of any other group. This is basically someone judging another culture just by the values and standards of one’s own culture. As far as why it is detrimental to a society it can make one be judgemental before knowing anything about that specific culture. We can not want to get to knowRead MoreFaith Based On Belief Of Religion1675 Words   |  7 Pagesadopted a dominant belief system. These belief systems could include the ancient traditions like Greek polytheism, Mayan ritual worship, or Hinduism as well as modern religions such as Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. By preaching goodwill and the golden rule religion has played a significant role in promoting ethics in society. Religion stimulates inner strength, confidence, and fosters a sense of purpose for many people. It is also hard to imagine a world without the incredible religious art and musicRead MoreEmployment division v. Smith, 494 U.S 8721609 Words   |  7 Pagesunemployment on grounds of misconduct. Smith filed suit again the clinic. The Oregon Supreme Court overruled the rehabilitation clinic’s verdict. The court stated that Smith’s religious use of peyote was protected under the First Amendments freedom of religion. The Employment Division, Department of Resources appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court on the grounds that possession and use of peyote is a crime. The Supreme Court returned the case back to Oregon State Courts to determine if OregonRead MoreMark Steyn s Views On The Pursuit Of Truth1590 Words   |  7 PagesWithin a society that is places a great deal of importance on the pursuit for truth, there must be discourse on the controversial Maclean’s articles regarding the prominence of Islam in the West – rather than leaving it as a one-sided argument. It is very easy for those opposing Islam, or for argument sake, anything that contrasts the Western ma jority’s views or background, to disguise their hate speech under the guise of free speech, and one can see that is the case for Mark Steyn’s arguments. NotRead More Religion in the Modern Age Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Religion in the modern age has been seen by some sociologists as being refreshing to the morals of society, while other sociologists feel that religion has for too long placed restrictions and limitations upon those who partake in it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Both functionalists and Marxists have identified that religion does have the main function of providing guidelines and restrictions to how someone should behave in society., albeit both perspectives have a different outlook on the resultRead MoreEuthanasia: Murder or Mercy? Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pages Our modern day society has been recurrently challenged on many topics that have been deemed as â€Å"moralistically impacting.† It is accepted today that a problem cannot be solved in modern day society unless adequate proof is offered to manipulate the stalwart beliefs of many individuals in a way as to reach an impasse amongst two opposing parties. Euthanasia happens to be a topic that has been debated extensively for the larger part of the twenty-first century (Larue). Even the definition of euthanasia

King Lear Act 3 Analysis

We take a close look at Act 3. Here, we focus on the first four scenes to help you get to grips with this play. Analysis: King Lear, Act 3, Scene 1 Kent is out on the heath searching for King Lear. He asks the Gentleman where Lear has gone. We learn that Lear is battling the elements in a fury, raging against the world and tearing his hair. The Fool tries to make light of the situation by making jokes. Kent explains the recent division between Albany and Cornwall. He tells us that France is about to invade England and has already sequestered some of its army into England in secret. Kent gives the Gentleman a ring telling him to deliver it to Cordelia who is with the French forces at Dover. Together they continue to search for Lear. Analysis: King Lear, Act 3, Scene 2 Lear in on the heath; his mood reflecting the storm, he hopes the tempest will obliterate the world. The King dismisses the Fool who tries to convince him to return to Gloucester’s castle to ask his daughters for shelter. Lear is angered by his daughter’s ingratitude and accuses the storm of being in cahoots with his daughters. Lear wills himself to calm down. Kent arrives and is shocked by what he sees. Lear does not recognize Kent but talks about what he hopes the storm will uncover. He says that the gods will find out the crimes of sinners. Lear famously muses that he is a man ‘more sinned against than sinning’. Kent tries to persuade Lear to take shelter in a hovel he has seen nearby. He intends to return to the castle and beg the sisters to take their father back. Lear shows a more sensitive and caring side when he identifies with the Fool’s suffering. In his demeaned state, the King recognizes how precious shelter is, asking Kent to lead him to the hovel. The Fool is left on stage making predictions about the future of England. Like his master, he talks of sinners and sins and describes a utopian world where evil no longer exists. Analysis: King Lear, Act 3, Scene 3 Gloucester is fretting about how Goneril, Regan, and Cornwall have treated Lear and their warnings against helping him. Gloucester tells his son Edmund, that Albany and Cornwall are going to clash and that France is about to invade in order to restore Lear to the throne. Believing that Edmund is loyal, Gloucester suggests that they both help the King. He tells Edmund to act as a decoy while he goes to find the king. Alone on stage, Edmund explains that he will betray his father to Cornwall. Analysis: King Lear, Act 3, Scene 4 Kent tries to encourage Lear to take shelter, but Lear refuses, telling him that the storm cannot touch him because he is suffering inner torment maintaining that men only feel bodily complaints when their minds are free. Lear compares his mental torment to the storm; he is concerned with his daughter’s ingratitude but now appears resigned to it. Again Kent urges him to take shelter but Lear refuses, saying that he wants isolation to pray in the storm. Lear speculates on the state of the homeless, identifying with them. The Fool runs screaming from the hovel; Kent calls out the ‘spirit’ and Edgar as ‘Poor Tom’ comes out. Poor Tom’s state resonates with Lear and he is driven further into madness identifying with this homeless beggar. Lear is convinced that his daughters are responsible for the beggar’s terrible situation. Lear asks ‘Poor Tom’ to recount his history. Edgar invents a past as an errant servant; he alludes to lechery and the dangers of female sexuality. Lear empathizes with the beggar and believes he sees humanity in him. Lear wants to know what it must be like to have nothing and to be nothing. In an attempt to identify with the beggar further, Lear begins to undress in order to remove the superficial trappings that make him what he is. Kent and the Fool are alarmed by Lear’s behavior and try to stop him from stripping. Gloucester appears and Edgar fears his father will recognize him, so he begins to act in a more exaggerated manner, singing and ranting about a female demon. It is dark and Kent demands to know who Gloucester is and why he has come. Gloucester asks about who is living in the hovel. A nervous Edgar then begins an account of seven years as a mad beggar. Gloucester is unimpressed by the company the King is keeping and tries to persuade him to go with him to a safe place. Lear is more concerned about ‘Poor Tom’ believing him to be some sort of Greek philosopher who can teach him. Kent encourages Gloucester to leave. Gloucester tells him that he is driven half mad with grief regarding his son’s betrayal. Gloucester also speaks of Goneril and Regan’s plan to kill their father. Lear insists the beggar stays in their company as they all enter the hovel.

Review Of The Defenders - 1015 Words

On August 18, 2017 Marvel’s Netflix series Defenders decided to show up featuring all of the netflix marvel characters that we have grown accustomed to over the the years. Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist are all coming together to stop The Hand from leveling New York to get what they want. Ladies and Gentleman, as always I am the Gentleman Snark. Today I will bring you review of the first four episode in the Defenders series, so let’s begin. Spoilers: We are discussing the first half of the Defenders series. Story: Story is simple, The Hand have set up for a big performance and a grand finale for New York. So it is up to our unlikely Street level heroes to ban together and protect the city. The show takes a while to†¦show more content†¦Which manages to pay off and work beautifully in end when the characters sit down and become more acquainted with each other. Leading into one of my favorite aspects of the series. Character Dynamics: Speaking broadly for the whole series, if I were to give an example of how the characters in Defenders play of off each other I would use DC’s Suicide Squad as a good comparisons for the characters. To explain this, in the Suicide Squad movie, there is a scene where all the bad guys sat in a bar and had a drink exchanging bar room talk and typical banter. For me, I can totally see the Defenders doing something very similar, which they did in episode 4, and it WORKS. This is to be taken as a compliment as even though the characters have just met each other under extreme circumstances, episode 4 is a pretty much good example of how the main characters will act towards each other for the entire show. Only Danny and Matt understand or even know about the hand, Jessica and Luke are in a constant stream of disbelief as soon as magic is involved. The sarcastic quips that have towards each other gives off a very realistic view to it. I can totally see actually people having conversati ons and reacting similar to the main characters in the show. Unlike when you compare them to the Avengers that for me personally, lack those kind of interaction with their characters or at least don’t make use of them enough in my opinion(except forShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Public Defenders1790 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Public defenders are put at a major disadvantage in terms of the effectiveness of defense they can provide. Most defenders will try to defend their clients to the best of their ability, but there are so many obstacles that prevent this from happening. These obstacles include heavy caseloads, lack of resources, government restriction, and the type of client they have to defend. While not all of these problems have a simple solution there must be some remedy to the issues. By notRead MoreThe Defenders Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pageswelcome to my review of Season 1 of the Defenders, the newest Netflix show from Marvel. The first section will be spoiler free and then I’ll get into spoilers at the end. Overall, the show is very good and I think anyone who like the previous shows will like this, but if you didn’t, The Defenders won’t do much to convert you, as its mainly intended for fans of the earlier Marvel shows on Netflix. I’m not sure how many people this even applies to, but if you were wondering if The Defenders would stillRead MoreOverload : The Problem Of Indigent Defense1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdown and indigent defense has become a pillar of America’s legal system. Hundreds of thousands of cases are handled through public defenders and attorneys hired by the government to defend those who cannot afford an attorney themselves. However, in a world in which arrests and incarceration rates are climbing and public defense budgets are shrinking, public defenders at times have hundreds, if not thousands, of cases on their desks at one time. Indigent defense, then, is without a doubt oversaturatedRead MoreMexico And The United States1295 Words   |  6 Pagesregistration and participation and strengthen voting rights. Another executive officer is the California State Public defender. The California legislature created the office of the state public defender, so they can represent indige nt criminal defendants on appeal that was the goal in 1976. â€Å"However, the mission of the agency has changed. Now the office of the stat public defender focuses its resources on post-conviction appellate representation in death penalty cases. They also represent more thanRead More15th Judical Court in Colorado813 Words   |  3 Pagestrying to discuss their case. No matter how swiftly the suited people (later identified as attorneys and public defenders) vaulted between there prospective clients, no one seemed to be satisfied with how the public defenders were handling their case. In one instance a furious defendant told his public defender that he neglected to review her situation and she demanded another public defender be appointed to represent her. A few minutes before the court began the sheriff announced to everyone that theyRead MoreWhat Coaching Basketball Is All About1100 Words   |  4 Pagesmismatch on the court and the player’s conditioning. Basketball coaches have to have a game plan, game tempo, a type of defense and late game strategies. First the coach prepare for the game by scouting the upcoming opponent. To do that a coach can review game films of their opponent. Reviewing film can help the coach because now he see what defense the team runs, what’s there tempo, weaknesses and who’s the best player or players are on the team and if you played the team before you take the notesRead MoreDefender Direct, Inc.1748 Words   |  7 PagesDefender Direct, Inc. was founded in 1998 by Dave Lindsey. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana. Lindsey stared the business out of his home and â€Å"was a privately held company that sold and installed ADT security systems and Dish Network Satellite TV to homeowners in the United States† (Glinska Hess, 2009, pg. 8-4). A business that started in a home has now become â€Å"the largest security and satellite dealers in the Midwest, generated $150 milli on in revenues and ranked 387th on the Inc.Read MoreThe Markov Chains Game1750 Words   |  7 Pagesof the opponents. The rules to RISK are straight forward and many readers may need no review. Newcomers are referred to Tans article where a clear and concise presentation can be found. Tans Table 1 is reproduced Table 1: An example of a battle Roll # No. of armies No. of dice rolled Outcome of the dice No. of losses attacker defender attacker defender attacker defender attacker defender 1 4 3 3 2 5,4,3 6,3 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 5,5,3 5,5 2 0 3 1 2 1 2 6 4,3 0 1 4 1 1 1Read MoreBnad 302 Study Guide Ch51564 Words   |  7 Pageshelps you think ahead 4. Management by objective (MBO) is a process that includes all of the following EXCEPT: * managers punish the employees that fail to reach their goals 5. So, they include: * Managers and employees periodically review employee performance * Action plans are developed for each employee to follow * Managers and employees jointly set objectives for the employee * Employees are rewarded according to their performance 6. A mission statement answers the questionRead MoreInstant Replays770 Words   |  4 Pagesto alter the game next year. In the past, officials could only review block/charge calls to determine whether or not the defender was inside the restricted area. Now, referees will be able to uphold or reverse those same calls after reviewing whether or not the defender was set when the offensive player began his shooting motion. This is a significant change and one that should help curtail the increasingly common practice of defenders sliding under offensive players after theyve already committed

Digital Modulation Techniques Free Essays

string(73) " data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more\." LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic: Digital Modulation Techniques Course code: ELE102 Course title: Electrical science-II Submitted to:Submitted by: Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar Sec:K1901 Roll:B57 Contents INTRODUCTION †¢ 1 Aim †¢ 2 Analog modulation methods †¢ 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Modulation Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 List of common digital modulation techniques †¢ 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding †¢ 5 Pulse modulation methods †¢ 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (â€Å"volume†), its phase (â€Å"timing†) and its frequency (â€Å"pitch†), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. | 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal. [pic] [pic] A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: †¢ Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) ? Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), †¢ Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal onto a carrier (both of which are sine waves). At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. [pic] [pic] Simple example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). [pic] [pic] Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link. A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud. Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying: †¢ In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. †¢ In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. †¢ In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. †¢ In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK. Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs; – Speeds of up to 9600 bps – Full-duplex or half duplex operation. – Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. You read "Digital Modulation Techniques" in category "Essay examples" The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in wh ich the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits – Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth [pic] Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): – Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol – More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver [pic][pic][pic] Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated;  ± Cosine and  ± Sine wave. Variants of QPSK [pic] – Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o – ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) – BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites – CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to u sers. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are: †¢ Phase-shift keying (PSK): o Binary PSK (BPSK), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4–QPSK †¢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK): o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) †¢ Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) †¢ On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB †¢ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK: o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. [citation needed] †¢ Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift ke ying (GMSK) †¢ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation: o discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-loading. †¢ Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques †¢ The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. †¢ Adaptive modulation †¢ Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India How to cite Digital Modulation Techniques, Essay examples

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Characters, items, and events found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be compared to similar characters, items, and events found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This comparison will be shown by using the symbolism that is in the book with similarities found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a prized-boar that belonged to Farmer Jones. The fact that Old Major is himself a boar was to signify that radical change and revolution are, themselves, boring in the eyes of the proletariat represented by the other barnyard animals, who are more prone to worrying about work and survival in their everyday life. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas were to lead to the communist revolution. Animal Farm is a criticism of Karl Marx, as well as a novel perpetuating his convictions of democratic Socialism. Zwerdling, 20. Lenin became leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Like the animals in the farm yard, the people is Russia thought there would be no oppression in a new society because the working class people or animals would own all the riches and hold all the power. Golubeva and Gellerstein 168. Another character represented in the book is Farmer Jones. He represents the symbol of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who treated his people like Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals and who came home one night, left the gate open and the animals rebelled. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very mad with the way he wielded his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The Czar said The law will henceforward be respected and obeyed not only by the nation but also the authority that rules it and that the law would stand above the changing views of the individual instruments of the supreme power. Pares 420. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didnt talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon charged the dogs on Snowball, another animal. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. For almost 50 years the world thought that the Nazis had done the killing in Russia, when in fact it was Stalin. Imse 2. The last characters that are symbolic of each other are the animal Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .postImageUrl , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:hover , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:visited , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:active { border:0!important; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:active , .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89 .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd657967097ecebec6c3cf27c0cd7e89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Bean Trees EssayHe gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalins relationship was very much like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenins death Trotsky lost all his power to Stalin and was expelled from the communist party. He was at one time considered the second most powerful man in Russia. Trotsky Comptons 290. Besides characters there are many items that can be compared as symbols in the book and in Russia. The whip that Napoleon used in the farmyard to wield power can be compared to the power that Stalin used on the Russians. Napoleon carried a whip in his trotter. Stalin used his power to starve the Russian people and to have Lenin arrested. Stalins main goal was to maximize his personal power. Stalin, Britannia 576. Stalin whipped his people into shape by collectivizing agriculture, by police terror, and by destroying remnants of individual prosperity. He also led the Soviet Union into the nuclear age Clarkson 442. Propaganda is another item that was used in the Russian revolution. It can be compared to Squealer in Animal Farm. Squealer brainwashed a form of propaganda the barnyard animals into believing that they did not like apples and milk, while he and Napoleon were stealing the food for themselves. In Russia, the Bolsheviks carried out propaganda on the people by passing out leaflets and putting stories in the newspapers that were not true. They told workers, soldiers, and peasants to not trust their own hands and to take away land from the landowners. Golubeva and Gellerstein 80. Another item that is similar in both Animal Farm and Russia are the dogs and the secret police. Napoleon trained his dogs when they were puppies to guard him and to obey his every command. They chased Snowball away. Stalin trained his secret police to do his bidding whenever he issued an order. Stalin had his secret police kill between 60,000 to 70,000 people. These police were called the Checka and the graves filled with bodies stacked upon each other with bullets in each skull were found many years later. Imse, C2. Another symbolism that exists in the book and in Russia is a similarity to events that took place. The windmill that is present in Animal Farm can be compared with the growth of industry in Russia or the Industrial Revolution. Snowball first introduced the windmill concept to the farm but Napoleon disagreed with him and had the dogs chase him away. Napoleon then presented the windmill as a good idea and the animals were presented with hope that things would get better on the farm. When it blew down, Napoleon blamed it on Snowball. Napoleon thought that if he could keep the barnyard animals busy all the time replacing the windmill that they would not realize how bad their living conditions were, and he could blame the destruction all the time on Snowball. The windmill is the only thing that was holding the animals together as a unit. In Russia the growth of factory and industry was very depressing but depended on the obligatory labor of serfs. Russia hoped that by keeping the serfs working all the time and promising them a better world that they would not realize how bad their living conditions were. The Industrialists were pressing their own constitutional demands. Clarkson 352. None of the social classes were fighting each other because there were no classes left. What Russia got working was to make the people think that the prospect of loss of potential improvements in conditions of life of the here and now, could only be attained by stimulating labor to unprecedented efforts. The last event that was similar in the book and in Russia was the animal rebellion on the farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917. .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .postImageUrl , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:hover , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:visited , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:active { border:0!important; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:active , .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0 .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u945ffb02d7f126be4a22fc7a6d3832f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antony Speech Analysis EssayFarmer Jones was drunk a lot and would forget to feed the animals on the farm. The withholding of this food is what finally forced the animals on the farm to rebel against Farmer Jones. In Russia, there were many food shortages which caused the people to demonstrate and then the Russian soldiers refused to suppress them and the leaders demanded that Nicholas transfer his power to parliamentary government because everything was getting out of control. Soviet workers and soldiers formed a special committee and established a government. The same day the emperor abdicated. Russian Revolution, Grolier npa. This actually backfired in Russia and the war continued and the people still starved. Many lessons can be learned by reading Animal Farm that can help countries and governments around the world from making mistakes in wielding their power against their people. If a population is suppressed and not allowed to accumulate things for themselves then an overthrow of the government that is suppressing them will be the result.

Fear is the mother of morality free essay sample

Morality can be thought of as an overarching idea that suggests a big difference between what it means to do good versus bad. Most people in this world have some idea of what things constitute doing the right thing and what constitutes doing the wrong thing. For example, people would agree that it is morally right to keep secrets and morally wrong to kill someone. Why is it that as human beings, we act so morally? Friedrich Nietzche once said Fear is the mother of morality in an attempt to explain why people exercise morality. Morality may be thought of as the child of three sources of fear: fear of ostracism from social groups, fear of god and fear of the internal conscience that which makes us human. Individuals may have fear of one or more of these and it is when they truly do not fear any one that they go on to commit the gravest of immoral acts such as murder. We will write a custom essay sample on Fear is the mother of morality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. It is the fear of being ostracized from the social group that drives individuals to be moral. Human beings are a highly social group formed of networks of family, friends and members of the general society. In saying this, if one chooses to be immoral by harming others or benefit themselves at the expense of others, they will be ignoring the rules of the social group (made to keep everyone happy) and risk not being a part of that group anymore. Social psychology research has also shown that being ostracized can be just as painful as a physical injury- demonstrating the salience of social interactions. Furthermore, altruism beneficiary good behaviours that are reciprocated between individuals is potentially lost if one chooses to do harm. Then, in the future, if they need something, they will not receive the action they need all because they chose not to do good in the first place. Such social pressures tend to keep people in check to do the right thing so as not to be excluded from the social group and to participate in altruistic behaviour. Fear of our conscience filled with remorse, regret and guilt also drives individuals to exhibit morality. We are capable of thought, of empathy and of having a conscience. It is when one commits a bad act that they know is immoral (we have a conscience) and harms others (we have empathy), that we experience guilt, remorse and regret because of our strong social ties. This is also a form of psychological pain and to avoid this, people will act morally. 2. Fear of god also drives individuals to be good people. Most religions have a dichotomy regarding the afterlife: If youre good, you go to a good place (heaven) and if you have lead a bad or evil life, you will go to hell and be punished by the higher power for the rest of eternity (a very daunting thought). Religious individuals then have a sense that to enjoy a wonderful afterlife, they will have to do good in their present life. Religious texts often accompany this warning of hell/heaven with ways to be good. The 10 commandments (e. g. do no harm to thy neighbour) are an example whilst the Quran and the Bhagvad Gita also have similar notions that encourage individuals to follow the right path and avoid punishment by god. 3. Fear of the state drives individuals to be good people. Most if not all societies have rules for transgressors of rules. With relation to immoral acts such as stealing, murder or treason, the punishment ranges from incarceration to capital punishment. The possibility of death if one commits an immoral act is a huge deterrent and the fear of being executed is why most people are hesitant to commit murder. In conclusion, fear of ostracism, psychological punishment, of god and of the state drive people to be moral in order to avoid the negative repercussions. Any one of these reasons may be enough to deter people but it is usually a mix of one or more that results in most individuals acting in highly moral ways that lead to the development of civilized societies.