Effective School Leadership

The elements of effective school leadership combines a variety of attributes. Although all these attributes are important, four are critical and essential in the success of a school leader. The first essential attribute is that a leader must model character by being principle-centered. The second essential attribute is that the main role of the school leader is to be an instructional leader. The third essential attribute is to align people. Finally, the fourth essential attribute is to establish direction for the school.These four attributes work in conjunction to promote the goal of the effective school deader: student achievement. Principle-centered An effective school leader models character by being principle-centered. Principles are guidelines for conduct that have demonstrated lasting value (Covey, 2004). Specifically, an effective leader exhibits integrity, fairness, and acts in an ethical manner. Knuth and Banks (2006) assert in their Essential Leadership Model that first and foremost, effective leadership is character dependent.They go on to explain that to be able to effectively lead schools, authentic leaders with strong character display fairness, integrity, and ethical behavior. A highly effective leader builds the character of their staff by being a role model (Mclean, 2003). A leader must develop their own voice and then be clear about their own guiding principles to effectively model the behavior they expect of others (Souses and Poster, 2008). Covey (2004) describes integrity as an interdependent reality, that each individual is treated by the same set of principles.A leaders fulfills expectations and creates a foundation of trust. Integrity encompasses fairness and ethics. Effective leaders who have integrity function fairly and in an ethical manner. Leaders committing to these virtuous principles maintain n enduring responsibility to student success, teacher growth, and quality school environments. Ethical behavior by effective leaders includ es a commitment to all students regardless of which race, gender, religious, or socioeconomic category they fall in.Leaders value ethnic diversity by taking action to ensure a quality education for every child. This commitment represents an uncompromising pursuit to do what is fair (Robbins and Alva, 2004). Instructional Leader Effective school leaders are instructional leaders. Highly effective principals have a passion for learning (Mclean, 2003). According to Chairman (2013), the educational leader is the overall leader of instruction. Administrators must be actively engaged in the professional growth and learning of the school staff.Effective leaders understand that they are directly responsible for learning and influence student achievement outcomes by their actions (Robbins and Alva, 2004). Fallen (2014) conveyed that the role of an effective principal is to lead teachers in learning to improve their instruction, while working alongside them understanding what works and what d oes not. Learning leaders model the pursuit of knowledge regarding effective reactive, inspiring staff members to create an environment where risk taking and experimentation are valued and mistakes are the prelude to new knowledge and understanding (Robbins and Alva, 2004).Instructional leaders recognize that trying and failing is more beneficial than never trying at all. An effective instructional leader ensures that every student has the opportunity to learn. Proclaiming the statement â€Å"all can learn† is too easy. Effective leaders develop programs differentiated to meet the needs of small groups of students in their schools because they know that one size rarely fits all. This rage to step out of the box and broaden their knowledge base is a characteristic of highly effective administrators.Instructional leaders are continually thinking, planning, and developing ways to improve instruction and engage more students (Mclean, 2003). Effective school leaders are frequently presenting research-based strategies to increase their staffs' capacity to instruct with the goal of student achievement. Aligning People An effective school leader aligns people by creating a culture of communication and collaboration, and by developing relationships among staff, students, families and communities. The actions off single person are unlikely to produce impacting changes; instead a team effort is required.Solid trust, strong relationships, deep competence, core confidence, group collaboration, and individual accountability are required to effect change; to get exceptional things done, effective school leaders have to enable others to act (Souses and Poster, 2008). Effective school leaders demonstrate the skills and temperaments to foster a sense of belonging throughout the staff; they address the needs of others, share their time and knowledge, communicate clearly and concisely, and develop supportive relationships characterized by rust and respect (Knuth and Banks, 2006). A highly effective leader is a communicator.Whether it be listening, writing, speaking, or reading, successful principals are communicating nearly 100% of the time. Shaping organizational behavior and practice relies on the fundamental leadership skill of communicating with clarity and precision (Robbins and Alva, 2004). Fostering a culture of professional collaboration is a trait of effective principals (Knuth and Banks, 2006). Effective school leaders make it possible for others to do quality work (Souses and Poster, 2008). Student learning is examined when principals directly influence how teachers learn together (Fallen, 2014).Leaders, working collaboratively as professionals who believe in continuous growth, produce teachers that will succeed. Collaboration emerges as relationships shift between staff members, progressing from congeniality to cooperation to collegiality. Professional Learning Communities are a result of this shift, culminating with a focus of helping al l students achieve and learn (Robbins and Alva, 2004). Human relations are the base of leadership. Effective school leaders actively engage staff, families, ND community to share the responsibility of student achievement. Forging these relationships creates tremendous power (Robbins and Alva, 2004).The success of a leader is dependent on the ability to build and sustain human relationships. The quality of these relationships matters most when completion off goal is the objective. A relationship characterized by mutual respect and confidence will overcome the greatest challenges (Souses and Poster, 2008). Highly effective principals will bring out the best in their staff members (Mclean, 2003). Establishing Direction Effective school leaders establish direction for their staff and school. Leaders are expected to have a sense of direction and a concern for the future of their school; this ability is vision (Souses and Poster, 2008).Leaders develop a vision of the future, while impleme nting strategies for the changes needed to accomplish that vision. Effective school leaders keep people moving in the right direction by motivating and inspiring each step of the process (Cotter, 1990). Clarity of vision, compared to other leadership qualities, is what separates leaders from other credible people (Souses and Poster, 2008). Leaders inspire and enlist others in a shared vision. Effective school leaders eave a desire to never settle for status quo; they push change, even when it is uncomfortable for others.Highly effective leaders are change masters. They are flexible, futuristic, and realistic leaders who motivate and manage change that endures. These leaders are able to envision what low-performing or even failing schools will look like after their mission has been achieved (Mclean, 2003). They then create and implement a plan to increase student achievement. By establishing the direction of their school, effective leaders are able to challenge the process and ventur e out in search of opportunities o innovate, grow, and improve (Souses and Poster, 2008).Conclusion Souses and Poster (2008) stated that leadership is an identifiable set of skills and abilities that are available to us all. A school leader must be effective to gain student achievement as its primary outcome. There are four attributes that are critical and essential in the success of an effective school leader. First, a school leader must model character by being principle-centered. Second, a school leader is to be an instructional leader. Next, the school leader must have the capacity to align people through communication, collaboration, and developing relationships. Effective School Leadership Effective School leadership today must combine the traditional school leadership duties such as teacher evaluation, budgeting, scheduling, and facilities maintenance with a deep involvement with specific aspects of teaching and learning.Some key elements of Instructional leadership and what I believe to be most important and effective elements in the leadership role include the following:Prioritization: Instructional Leaders make adult learning a priority and set high expectations for performance (NAESP, 2001). While leaders cannot neglect other duties, teaching and learning is where the majority of a leader’s scheduled time needs to be allocated.Visible Presence: Placing the focus on learning objectives, modeling behaviors of learning, and designing programs and activities on instruction are essential for instructional leadership (Whitaker, 1997). Having leaders as teachers of instruction serves as a model for many teachers who may struggle with certain concepts and can help build trust and relationships.Curriculum: Principals need to know about the changing concepts of curriculum (Approaches to Leadership). The goal of any leader should be to increase student achievement; therefore, the curriculum, instruction, and assessments must all be aligned with the standards. Leaders need to be knowledgeable with curriculum and state standards and provide professional development and continuous learning for adults.Data: In their focus on improving achievement, effective leaders use multiple sources of information to assess performance (NAESP, 2001). Many leaders use data to help guide the instructional focus and professional development for teachers. Effective leaders skillfully gather information that determines how well a school organization is meeting goals and use that information to refine strategies designed to meet or extend the goals.Effective leaders make student success pivotal to their work and,  accordingly, pay attention to and communicate about i nstruction, curriculum, and student mastery of learning objectives, and are visible in the school. Learning needs to occur throughout an organization, and instructional leaders need to become participants in the learning process in order to shape and encourage the implementation of effective learning models in their schools. To illustrate, effective leaders don't just arrange for professional development; rather, they participate in staff training provided to their staffs.Additionally, good leaders foster the idea of working together as a valuable enterprise because they understand that this kind of collaborative learning community ultimately will build trust, collective responsibility, and a school wide focus on improved student learning (Mendez-Morse, 1991).

1831, by Louis P. Masur Essay

This book was written by Masur Louis   P. who described 1831 as the year of the eclipse that had so many omens that stated that the American society was completely changed. Every aspect of life including the political, social, economic and cultural all underwent a metamorphosis that brought about change. In that year, foreigners visited America and they described it as a year where there was a possibility of a civil war occurring in America due to the many negative things that were happening then. An English visitor Frances Trollope felt very disappointed with how America had gone about to deal with slavery and he even criticized the vehement expressions of insane and hypocritical zeal as it was preached by the preachers. The writer states that most of the visitors had no intentions of talking about the institution of slavery, but they could not turn a blind eye to it and their writings helped to create controversy on slavery in America and therefore putting pressure to allow the issue to be addressed (Louis 2008).   Some of the visitors who helped to shape the institution of slavery included: Henry Tudor, Thomas Hamilton, James Boardman and Ales de Tocqueville. The issues that have been described in this book are based on four thematic chapters; slaverly and its abolition, religion and politics, state and nation and finally, the issue of changing technology with the use of machines and nature (Louis 2008). In the same year, there was a lot of violence and rebellions over slavery, tariffs and religious revivalism over the nation. He talks of a revolution that was led by Nat Turner who he describes like a very intelligent, charismatic and religious leader. He rebelled against slavery and the authorities even hunted him for questioning where he confessed about having taken place and led the rebellion. His actions brought a lot of attention towards America and it was at this point it was concluded that the slaves were not loyal and content, that slavery was not benign as it was thought to be and that trying to control the population through terror groups was not the way out. The outspoken nature of Nat Turner inspired many of the abolitionists who made calls for emancipation of slaves. There were unresolved tensions between the states and the nation’s rights, competing passion for religion and politics. The debate on the emancipation of slaves has also been described where the people from the north expected it to be a slow and gradual process, but the people from the south saw it as a necessary evil. Masur P.L stated that the way to deal with the problem was to set up a colony in West Africa as they believed that the Africa Americas were helpless and hopeless people who could not be able to rise above their conditions and state of living. It was described as the year when the Southern oligarchy quit the possibility of doing away with slavery and William Garrison demanded that there would be abolition of some peculiar institutions. His newspaper, the liberator, was meant to make people see the evils of the day which by then they did not see. The nullification crisis and the Indian removal act further made the sectional differences and with the changes in technology it made dramatic changes in America’s relationship with the land. The author describes the American people as people who were in love with technology and therefore referred to them as the locomotive people (Louis 2008).   The introduction of steamboats, railroads and the mechanized reapers made people very rich because of the profits that were being made. The author also describes the protestant missionaries as the people who worked on behalf of the Cherokees. They held a large numbers of slaves yet thirty years later they were barely mentioned and the Cherokees fought on the side of the confederacy supporting the very people who had thrown them out of their ancestral land and nobody dared to raise their voice against it. Policies that were made by Andrew Jackson against the Cherokee erase the last hopes of seeing the India as being autonomous. It was thought that religion would hold the nation together and help to counter their forces of disunity caused by the vast and large territory occupied, the numerous and the very increasing high population, the diversity of the local interests ,the power of selfishness and the feeling of sensational jealousy and hate had   prevailed amongst the people of America.   The religious revivalism that swept the country inspired the working class to agitate. It gave an insight in the idea of enthusiasms for religion as it was with even the tent meetings that were supposedly supposed to bring about reform of the individual together with the reform of the society at large. It also indicates the surprising rise of political movements such as the anti –masons which was America’s third party that invented the presidential nominating convention. The Andrew administration threatened to unravel and dissent the economic future of the country (Louis 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the author not only writes about the negative issues that affected America but he also has intellectual pleasure that helps to savor the hypocrisies of the day by stating that although the Turners revolt saw many white many people maimed and killed, at least they were happy because women were never raped. He goes on to say that they finally saw the need to keep in control the terror gangs and groups and began to give a doctrine that slavery was indeed benign and that the enslaved were loyal, content and more satisfied than it was previously believed. As much as people from the north and those from the south were outraged by William Garrison’s radical newspaper, their opposition against it only helped to popularize and circulate the paper which has today become one of the largest selling papers today. For the people from South Carolina, they took pride in the doctrine of nullification as it meant that they could resist the federal Government to interfere with slavery. References Louis, Masur P. 1831: Year of Eclipse .United States: Barnes and noble.com lnc, 2008.   

Analysis and Questions for the poem Daddy Essay

1. Discuss the poet’s use of apostrophe in its direct address to the father figure. How does Plath stage that address as a kind of declaration of independence in the decisive tone with which she at once judges and dismisses the father? The poem Daddy, written by Sylvia Plath, is a text which reveals to the reader, the nature of the persona’s relationship with her father as well as the impact that her father’s death had on her. Being a confessional poem, the reader can assume that it is about Plath herself. The purpose of this poem is so that Plath can purge herself of her emotions as she feels abandoned by her father after his death. The very title gives away the fact that Plath’s emotional growth has been stunted and that she feels like an abandoned child. Throughout the poem, Plath uses many stylistic devices. She is successful in creating a tone of hatred, disgust, and finality. Relationships with men were not her strong point by any means, and Plath’s negative attitude towards men is clear. One of her stylistic devices is the use of apostrophe. An apostrophe in a poem is a group of words that are spoken to a person who is absent or imaginary, or to an object or abstract idea. In the poem, the speaker’s use of apostrophe illustrates an attitude of power. Apostrophe is the next best thing to talking directly to the father, which is impossible, as he is dead. The speaker has conquered her fears, she was able to kill the father inside of her, and an ultimate demonstration of power is the ability to address someone directly, without having to hide behind the cloak of a method other than the second person. In the last lines, the apostrophe gives more power to the poem. â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard,† has more effect on the audience than, â€Å"Daddy was a bastard.† 2. Consider how the poet’s sing-song rhyme pattern of the opening stanza darkly invokes a childhood world of Mother Goose rhymes appropriate to the poet’s regression back into the role of daughter to the dead patriarch. The structure of the poem is similar to that of a nursery rhyme, which reveals Plath’s child mentality. An analysis of the straight rhyme scheme lulls the reader into a hypnotic state and the language is relatively free from the kind of ominous and dark imagery and terms that will arrive as the poem by Sylvia Plath progresses. This nursery rhyme’s innocence is obliterated quickly with each and with the images and language of Nazism and several weighty references to horrible wars. The first stanza writes: You do not do, you do not do Any more, black shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, In this stanza, the poem starts with the speaker declaring that she will no longer put up with the black shoe she’s lived in, poor and scared, for thirty years. She uses the second person throughout the poem, saying â€Å"you,† who, as we find out, is â€Å"Daddy.† This means that she is comparing her father to a shoe that she has been living in very unhappily, however, she is not going to put up with it anymore. This stanza reminds the reader of a nursery rhyme – the old woman who lived in a shoe. The repetition of â€Å"you do not do† in the first line even makes this stanza sound a little singsong-y. But this is no happy nursery rhyme – the speaker is poor, and won’t dare to breathe or sneeze, meaning that she feels trapped and scared. 3. How does Plath capture the ambiguity of her relation to the dead patriarch in her pun on the word through in the last lines of the poem? The poem reaches its crescendo with the line â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through†. The speaker has threatened that she’s through with her father before, in line 68. But the repetition of the word â€Å"Daddy† here, the addition of the word â€Å"bastard,† and the phrase â€Å"I’m through† makes this condemnation final. Before this, the speaker has used the word â€Å"Daddy† only four times in an 80-line poem, not counting the title. Using this affectionate term for father twice in the last line makes it sound almost like she’s beating on his chest to get her point across. The use of the word â€Å"bastard† seems to be what this poem has worked itself up to. The speaker has tried out every way possible to criticize her father – he’s a Nazi, the devil, and a vampire. But, in the end, she just wanted to get out a good verbal punch, calling her father a bastard. Furthermore, in this line, the contrast brings to light the destructive conflict in the speaker’s mind, that of loving and hating her addressee simultaneously. 4. The poem draws an analogy between women’s oppression and that of the Jewish victims of the Nazi death camps. Do you think this analogy is appropriate? The themes prevalent in this poem are oppression and emancipation. The notion of oppression is evident when Plath uses the metaphors Nazi’ and Jew’ to describe her father and herself. This imago connotes that she is dependent on her father for survival as well as the fact that she is battling an internal war inside her and that she at this point, is a victim because of her father’s abandonment. Her mental suffering is further reinforced by the allusions to the Nazi concentration camps, as it reinforces the fact that she is a victim and that she is unable to escape from the psychological hold that her father has on her. This analogy does make sense in the poem however it is a very drastic and dramatic example.

Tokugawa Yoshimune and His Kyoho Reform Research Paper

Tokugawa Yoshimune and His Kyoho Reform - Research Paper Example The major characteristics of the new period were more definitely illustrated than ever before during the Kyoho era, when the general reform initiatives of Tokugawa Yoshimune, the eight shogun, and the difficulties that resulted in to them, took over the scene. The severest of these new difficulties involved the personal finances of the shogunate, which had been unsuccessful in matching national growth. The agricultural production of Japan by the 18th century was approximately 60% more than it had been a hundred years prior; though, on the contrary, the financial status of the central government was dropping annually (Hauser 2010). In a country teeming with all forms of commercial and agricultural enterprise, the central government was plainly not capable of securing enough for its own. According to Hauser (2010), beginning from 1722, having relieved from the possibility of resistance from the Senior Council and strengthened the economy, Tokugawa Yoshimune focused on financial reform. Tokugawa Yoshimune and his Kyoho Reform Tokugawa Yoshimune was born in 1684 in Wakayama, child of a daimyo of Kii. Yoshimune was assigned daimyo of Sabae han thirteen years after, but after the death of his elder brother in 1705 he was relocated to Kii (Hall 1991). In 1716, after the demise of Ietsugu, bakufu heads designated Yoshimune his heir, rewarding Edo a ruler knowledgeable in supervising a large area. The newly assigned shogun did not have any connections in the bakufu, yet he was able to slowly appoint his own people in important positions and by the 1720s was firmly in charge (Hall 1991). Particular attributes of his regime were notable. While Tsunayoshi had conformed to rules based on a powerful principle, Yoshimune moved fluidly in reaction to situations; his flexibility is indicative of the political ideology of Ogyu Sorai (Titsingh 1834). His restructuring started vigilantly, encouraged by problems left by the prior regimes of Tsunayoshi, Ienobu, and Ietsugu, respecti vely. Nevertheless, since the 1720s the array of reform increased significantly in obvious response to the joint effect of recoinage plans previously in force and a wave of social disorder and crop declines (Hall 1991). That enhanced array, which marked the 1720s the glory days of the Kyoho reform, engaged the bakufu more profoundly into public and political administration than ever before. Governing the vast, intricate, environmentally limited, and highly monetized civilization of 18th-century Japan was extremely difficult. In 1728, after attaining the zenith of progress, Yoshimune committed a number of years to combating unforgiving agricultural problems, the Kyoho food crisis, and uncontrolled fluctuations of the price of rice that seriously upset samurai way of life (Hall 1991). The difficulties pushed Yoshimune to reevaluate core strategies and in 1736 to enforce a major change in monetary policy. The change led to a 15-year phase of governmental strength that was attained in s pite of, or, more accurately, at the cost of, long-term agricultural failure. The economic troubles of the government was very severe, and a solution had to be determined at once to ease the hardship. The shogunate, in 1722, informed the daimyo about its problems and obliged them to bring in rice to its stockrooms at the pace of ‘one hundred koku for each ten thousand koku of domain assessment’ (Hall 1991, 449)—koku is a Japanese term for ‘

Quantum Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantum Technology - Essay Example Classical mechanics preceded quantum mechanics which is entirely the basis of quantum technology. â€Å"A team of researchers, including members of the University of Chicago’s Institute for Molecular Engineering, highlight the power of emerging quantum technologies...† (Koppes 2013). The emerging quantum technologies were realized after scientists drew more focus on microscopic objects from the macros in classical mechanics. The realm of quantum technology aims at changing the way scientists view technology in attempts to better living standard across all spheres of life. â€Å"The first quantum technology that harnesses quantum mechanical effects for its core operation has arrived in the form of commercially available quantum key distribution systems’’ (O’brien et. al. 2009). In the field of quantum computing, the technology promises to develop a secured information system that will challenge snoopers, hackers and prevent cyber-attacks. This will be realized by subjecting quantum cryptography as elaborated in an article by National University of Singapore (2014). In the very article Stephanie Wehner affirms that "quantum technologies will gradually become integrated with existing devices such as smart phones, allowing us to do things like identify ourselves securely or generate encryption keys". In the future wheel of quantum technology, one of the core primary effects lies in its ability to drive the next generation computing technology.

Healthcare Workforce Shortage in Hospice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Workforce Shortage in Hospice - Essay Example And there is an estimation that in the coming years it will increase at a rate of 31% per annum. In terms of patients the number is increasing daily, but the one who has take care of them like Doctors and the Hospital staff is decreasing day by day. More and more people are opting subjects that are not related to medical stream. Thus increasing the gap and resulting in the shortage of skilled medical staff. One feels that the job is very stressful and needs to put his/her concentration on the job completely. A slight negligence could be result a very serious situation. So some people think its better to lose a job in other sector than in Hospice because in latter you may lose job and endanger a patient's life for negligence. So you are accountable for every patient you are assigned to. The scholarships awarded by the Universities are not enough and the recruitment is very limited. No one is going to recruit a medical student until and unless he/she has some experience. So students end up as interns or junior doctors while pursuing their Masters that is a very essential degree, without it no one is going to consider them for a job. So it's again work and work nothing but work, then how come an average person want to join in a medical stream. This is one of the reasons that affecting the organizations like Hospice. According to Center for Health Work

Gender Disparity in Employment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender Disparity in Employment - Research Paper Example The society is usually highly structured and stratified based on social hierarchies which have both dominant and subordinate groups coexisting together. As such, the gender disparity seen in matters pertaining to labor or employment can be traced back to a highly patriarchal and discriminative society (Donahue, 2007). This paper will try to tackle the two dominant causes of gender disparity in the social sphere which are patriarchal systems, and gender discrimination. Patriarchal systems usually refer to male dominance in which gender hierarchy favors the male over the female gender. The males are usually endowed with power, material and status advantages over their female counterparts. Despite advances and profound structural changes within the society, the gender hierarchy is still propagated today in different forms. These structural changes include such things like increasingly venture of women into male dominated careers and more women opting for careers as opposed to formative days when they stayed at home. Currently, there is no one single way through which the patriarchal system can be analyzed and understood as a possible cause of gender disparity, those interactional processes that are taken for granted may be the solution. These interactional processes are usually mediated through gender stratification which is an old time sociological practice (Elliott & Smith, 2004). The reasons for male dominance in patriarchal societies has been attributed to different factors and key among are culture, religion and capitalism. Through the industrialization and modernization of man, the culture of male dominance has been the norm whereby in forms of mass production that existed in the agrarian civilization, man was favored as the dominant figure. This is because it was the duty of man to perform strenuous tasks like fighting while women were allocated lighter duties like taking care of the homes. In that way, division of labor developed which later became entrenc hed in the society. In a way, capitalism propagated paternalism further by favoring men who seem not to overindulge in work in the society according to the cultural settings while it is they who own everything. In a way, that is exploitative but that is way that things have been moving on but slowly they are changing as more parity is being introduced in the previously skewed gender disparity (Donahue, 2007; Ridgeway, 1997). Discrimination simply refers to prejudice based on perceived traits that may be biological or otherwise. When one is discriminated against, it does not necessarily have to be based on race but also gender discrimination exists especially in matters pertaining to labor or employment. Currently, the trend is slowly changing but there are those jobs or careers that are dominated by the male gender at the expense of the female gender. Reasons attributed to this can be traced to individual perceptions of the key players in the field which naturally discriminate again st the female gender in holding some positions. Take for instance the issue of women representation legislation or politics which remains a largely male dominated affair globally even in the US. Although the last word has to come from the voters who by the way comprise a bigger women representation, they discriminate aga

Are Universities Cartels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Are Universities Cartels - Essay Example The entry of universities which are responsive to societal needs has a profound effect on American education market (Dodgson et al 2009). In the oligopoly, learning institutions are driven by profit maximization. The United States market entry and exit barriers are flexible. A telling example is the Stanford’s free online Robotics and artificial intelligence courses. In the previous years, the largest barriers to the education US market entry have been economies of scale and strategic actions by the incumbent universities. Access to complex technology and government regulations in the US education market have relatively small impact on the market forces. The courses have attracted tens of thousands students. This has caused a shift from the traditional approach in education market. Virtual subgroups between lecturers and students have affected the learning costs (Tschang & Della 2001). The market trends have been altered as new ways of meeting the demand become introduced. The se trends have indicated that the market position of the state universities is under severe threat. A telling example is the cooperation between AT & T and university of Phoenix on employee training. The culture of education cartels is losing ground as innovative ways of meeting education demands continue to gain ground (Tschang & Della 2001). ... Perfect competition and oligopoly in the American education market is demand products to be defined. A product is defined as a good or service produced by universities in an education market. Products and units of production affect the demand and supply forces in the education market. The availability of products in the education market is directly correlated to pricing. Defining products and units of output is directly related to pricing. Market forces in the education market are overcoming the significance of collusion theory and competition is rising. Pricing is an important aspect in the education market in the United States. In the study of education market in US, definition of productions and units of output affects competitiveness and brand equity profoundly (Dodgson et al 2009). Cartels within the traditional university systems face direct challenges from virtual universities (Kreps 2004). The education market is increasingly becoming competitive leading to reduced prices in traditional degree programs as new programs take the center stage (Newman et al 2004). Programs and units are packaged in affordable and convenient methods e g the decrease in the cost of traditional courses and demand in virtual courses grows. (Dodgson et al 2009). Careful decisions are focusing on the nature of courses offered and the place of offering them. The universities are getting involved in corporate social responsibility. Technology has overcome geographical barriers through electronic learning (Tschang & Della 2001). The modern US universities are developing other responsive measures of raising revenues and quality of services in an increasingly competitive education market. In conclusion, the American education market is experiencing

Business Model of Cooper & Stollbrand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Model of Cooper & Stollbrand - Essay Example Business Model of Cooper & Stollbrand This essay is based on the video as seen on Channel 4 depicting how the factory is run and how this small company is sending across a big message that manufacturing in England is not dead as yet. Business Model The existing trend in the market is manufacture in huge quantities, utilize economies of scale and sell cheaper. Turn over is the key for most of the companies to make money. For costlier brands, its not turnover so much, as much as its about manufacturing cost. They prefer to get it produced outside England as labor is pretty cheap in third world countries. But as heard from the Managing Director, Eden, its not about mass production. If the quality is right and the approach is right, one can manufacture products locally and still have a good margin on it. Company is able to manufacture for top brands like Quba & Co., Topshop and Selfridges credit of which to an extent goes to the current business model as follows Sourcing Raw Materials Everything from machines to mats, needle s to nozzles and fabric to fittings are sourced locally from the UK. This saves time in its delivery, saves on transport cost and is local which supports local industry. Labor All of the staff of Cooper & Stollbrand is local ladies who have been working in the industry for decades. They are dedicated and passionate about the manufacturing of products in UK. They are highly skilled and are very reliable when it comes to delivering results. There are young polish, Pakistani and afghanistani ladies who have joined the team and are happy working here. Processes The processes of production are well managed by supervisors and management team. There is a clear demarcation in job roles of machinists, supervisors and quality control and management which makes the hierarchy small and manageable. Supervisors ensure that stuff is cut much ahead of stitching so the machinists know what coming and how much is left. Positioning of the company and its products If you note, throughout the video mach inists are working on high profile coats which will be sold in posh central London stores with a pricey tag. Topshop coats retail at around ?175, and order is significantly small at 325 coats in 3 days. 50 Quba & Co. coats are to be prepared in a short period which will retail at ?500. The positioning of the company is that it is able to produce highest quality of garments, which are produced locally. There is a new awakening among British consumers to buy stuff ‘made in England’ to support local industry. Since most of the corporate customers are high end retail stores, the no. of pieces they would order would be small and hence manageable by Cooper & Stollbrand. Such quick delivery, high quality and cost effectiveness cannot be provided by manufacturing units in India or China. It will not be cost effective for the buyers either to order as the quantities are far too less for it to be ordered from other countries. Staff management / HR Staff is extremely happy and sat isfied with what they are doing. A happy team of staff members would be less demanding, will work at reasonable pay and work hard to meet set delivery targets. This gives Cooper & Stollbrand a unique edge which other manufacturers might not have. Secondly the staff members are paid on number of pieces they delivery subject to stringent quality checks. This ensure that the staff members are quick in producing the garment so that they earn more money, and the co. is able to deliver on time.

Organisations and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisations and management - Essay Example There is a widespread denial of slavery in management studies, which primarily focus on victims thereby ignoring the role of enterprises and managers in the most atrocious human rights abuses in modern management practice. This article proposes that management research should play a role in explaining why slavery persists in modern day business practices even in the presence of rules, norms, and practices that are meant to discourage it. This article develops a model of modern day slavery as a management practice, which highlights the manner in which modern day organizations succeed in exploiting certain competitive as well as institutional conditions that generate slavery. Similarly, this theory reveals how companies insulate themselves against all forms of institutional pressures that discourage slavery while shaping or sustaining those conditions that promote slavery or prevent it. The evolution of slavery from a formally sanctioned practice to a criminalized practice bound to the informal economy has enhanced the ambiguity and dynamism of slavery in modern business practice, thereby posing challenges for its definition; a precise definition of modern slavery distinguishes it as â€Å"the exercise of ‘powers attaching to the right of ownership’† (Crane, 2013). Modern slaves are compelled to work by threats and they are owned or manipulated by their employer by use of mental, physical as well as threatened abuse; similarly, modern slaves are dehumanized and treated as property besides being physically constrained in their movements and being economically exploited through underpayment. Despite the many forms of slavery and the various business models through which it can be deployed, slavery is essentially an attempt to illegitimately underprice labor, thus, establishing the illegitimate practices through which enterprises achieve underpricing and survival is essential in understanding modern

Infectious Diseases Essay Example for Free

Infectious Diseases Essay African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population live in remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa with little access to health care clinics which is why in these rural area the disease often goes untreated and misdiagnosed. The distribution of African trypanosomiasis is related to where the Tsetse fly lives which happens to be many parts of Africa. Not all species of Tsetse flies transmit the disease and there is no explanation of why certain regions with populations of Tsetse flies do not have a trace of the sleeping sickness disease. According to the WHO The disease develops in areas ranging from a single village to an entire region. Within an infected area, the intensity of the disease can vary from one village to the next. Of the 60 million or so people in threat of obtaining the disease each year only few cases in relation to that number will be reported so many believe since the disease occurs in predominately remote areas many cases are going undiagnosed. There are two forms of human African trypanosomiasis depending on the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. g. ) is found in west and central Africa nd Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. r. ) is found in eastern and southern Africa (WHO). Of the two T. b. g. currently accounts for 95% of reported cases and the other form T. b. r. currently only accounts for 5% of reported cases. The main way the disease is contracted is from a bite of an infected tsetse fly but that is not the only way. The WHO lists that a pregnant mother can pass on the infectio n to a fetus, in some instances other blood sucking insects have transmitted the disease as well as accidental infections from pricks of contaminated needles. In the first stafe of infection, the haemolymphatic phase, the trypanosomes multiply which causes fever, headaches, joint pain and itching. In the second stage known as the neurological phase the parasites infect the central nervous system which causes changes of behavior, confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination and disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the disease its name (WHO). The two forms of the disease have different impacts on the infected individuals health and livelihood. The more common form of the parasite T. . g. causes a chronic infection. A person infected with this form of the disease can be infected for months or years without any major signs or symptoms and when the symptoms do emerge the patient is already in the second stage of the disease. The other form of the disease T. b. r. which is less common only causes an acute infection with the first symptoms showing in few months or weeks after the initial infection. Regardless of which form of the disease the infected individual has if gone untreated the disease can be fatal. The treatment for the disease depends on the stage of the infection, the sooner its found the easier it is to treat. If found in the first stage the drugs used of are low toxicity and easy to administer and consists of Pentamidine for T. b. g. and Suramin for T. b. r. For the second stage of infection there are four drugs that can be administered but are all toxic and complex to administer. Melarsoprol for both forms, Eflornithin for T. b. g and most recently the combination of nifuritimox and eflornithine have been used to treat severe cases. Thanks to the efforts of organizations like the World Health Organization the upward trend of new cases of the disease is no longer a trend. In fact According to the WHO in In 2009, after continued control efforts, the number of cases reported has dropped below 10,000 (9878) for first time in 50 years. In epidemic areas it is estimated that 20% of the population are infected by the disease which has a serious economic impact because of the damage it does to the workforce in these regions. Malaria is one of the oldest diseases in mankind and it is believed by many that most of todays malaria originated in West and Central Africa. According to Recent molecular studies have found evidence that human malaria parasites probably jumped onto humans from the great apes, probably through the bites of vector mosquitoes (Carter). As man evolved and spread throughout the world they carried diseases along with them and such how malaria came to appear all across the world. Cases of malaria have been dated back thousands of years to ancient civilizations: Sumerian and Egyptian texts dating from 3,500 to 4,000 years ago mention about fevers and splenomegaly suggestive of malaria. (The enlarged spleens of Egyptian mummies are believed to have been caused by malaria). It appears that P. falciparum had reached India by around 3,000 years ago. It is believed that malaria reached the shores of the Mediterranean Sea between 2,500 and 2,000 years ago and northern Europe probably mainly betw een 1,000 and 500 years ago. The waves of invasions that swept across the continents helped the cause of malaria parasite as well. By the Middle Ages, Kings and feudal lords had the best wetlands under their control, but in turn had to fear marshes as breeding grounds of plagues and incurable fevers (Rich) So basically the spread of Malaria was facilitated by the travel of man and of course the right environment for the mosquitoes to breed. Malaria is contracted only through bites of Anopheles mosquitoes, or infected mosquitoes and the severeness of the disease depends on the host, environment and the mosquito itself. There are about 20 different Anopheles species of mosquitoes and most of them bite at night and breed in shallow freshwater such as puddles, rice fields and hoof prints. The transmission of the disease is worse with an older or more developed mosquito because the parasite the causes the disease is more developed. It also depends on where the mosquito like to bite humans, for example the long lifespan and strong human-biting habit of the African vector species is the underlying reason why more than 85% of the worlds malaria deaths are in Africa (WHO). Contracting the disease is also a matter of immunity, which is developed after years of exposure in areas with a moderate to severe amount of cases. Finally the climate of region and rainfall patterns have a lot to do with the number of occurrences at a certain time. Once contracted the symptoms of malaria dont appear for seven or more days, usually ten to fifteen days. The first signs of the disease are fevers, headaches, chills and vomiting which may be hard to pin on malaria. Though if not treated in twenty-four hours malaria can become a serious illness which often leads to death, if not that brain damage. Infected individuals if not treated can die and most of the victims that do die are children and often times children receive brain damage from the severe fevers brought on by Malaria. The disease is very dangerous to pregnant women as well because the disease can be transferred to the unborn baby, â€Å"Non-immune pregnant women are at risk as malaria causes high rates of miscarriage and maternal death rates of 10–50%. Malaria can result in miscarriage and low birth weight, especially during the first and second pregnancies. An estimated 200,000 infants die annually as a result of malaria infection during pregnancy† (WHO). Other people at risk include people with HIV or AIDS as well as travelers to regions with malaria because they have no immunity. The cure or treatment for malaria includes artemisinin bases combination therapy or ACT. If treated and diagnosed early the chances of death and other injuries are greatly reduced as well the spread of the infection to others. There are many ways to prevent the disease as well for travelers chemoprophylaxis can be taken to prevent the malaria disease. As for those living in high infection areas the best form of prevention would be the control of the mosquito population. Many of the people who live in these areas sleep under nets treated with insecticide and spray some type insecticide in the home a few times a year. Since malaria is so easily spread and it affects millions of people a year it does have a significant economic impact, especially in areas of high rates of infection. According to the World Health Organization malaria â€Å"can decrease GDP by as much as 1. 3% in countries with high levels of transmission. Over the long term, these aggregated annual losses have resulted in substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria, particularly in Africa†. Malaria takes a deep toll on areas with substantial amounts of poverty because the people themselves don’t have money for treatment and medicine and the local government have to pour in more than half of their budget to deal with the epidemic. Like malaria, West Nile virus is a disease spread by mosquitoes and the conditions of those infected can range from mild to severe. According to the National Center of Biotechnology information the virus was first found in 1937 in Uganda and first found in the United State in New York in 1999. Researchers believe the virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected bird and then goes on to bite a person or an animal. The Center for Disease Control states that the virus has been found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype Kunjin), and most recently, North America. In the most extreme cases West Nile virus can cause a condition called encephalitis which causes swelling of the brain. Symptoms of the West Nile virus are said to be similar to the flu and include fever, headache, stiff back and neck, muscle and joint aches, rash, swollen glands and general tiredness. These symptoms can last several weeks and for serious cases, in which people can get tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis, symptoms can be permanent. According to the CDC about 80 percent of people infected with the virus will not show any symptoms at all and only about one in 150 people will develop serious illnesses. West Nile virus can be spread in other ways than just a mosquito bite such blood transfusion, organ transplant, breastfeeding and during pregnancy from mother to child. Symptoms of the virus typically develop between three and fourteen days after the initial bite of the mosquito. The treatment of West Nile Virus depends on the severity of the symptoms and there is no specific treatment. Those who have only mild symptoms such as fever and aches dont require much medical attention for these symptoms will pass on their own. For more serious cases it is definitely necessary for the infected individual to go to a hospital or get some kind of medical help. Since the disease is a virus there are no antibiotics or medicines that will kill the disease instead if worst outcome happens which is encephalitis, antiviral medicine used for treatment of HIV have been known to been use. An individual with serious symptoms best chance is to get to a hospital to receive general treatment such as intravenous fluids and other things which reduce the chance of things getting worse. West Nile virus has great social and economic impacts, mainly because of the cost of treatment and lack of treatment for severe cases. According to the CDC the cost of West Nile virus related health care in 2002 was approximately $200 million. Since there are many recent outbreaks compared to other diseases a lot of money has been spent on prevention and control problems. In the United States the Center for Disease Control has invested a lot time in helping the nation deal with any future epidemics by working to develop vaccines, creating and distributing educational and informative material to the media and public, helping states with mosquito prevention and control programs, and by coordinating a nationwide database with information regarding the virus. Yellow fever is another disease spread through the bite of a mosquito and can be found in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa. It is called yellow fever because some of the people who get infected will be affected by jaundice which makes them yellow. The first recorded appearance of the disease was in 1648 in Yucatan which is in South America. According to article titled Yellow Fever: A Disease that Has Yet to be Conquered Major outbreaks also occurred in Europe, e. g. in 1821 in Barcelona with several thousand victims. 1878, about 20,000 people died in an epidemic in the Mississippi River Valley and the last major outbreak in the US occurred in 1905 (Higgs). The number of yellow fever cases has increased over the past two decades because of declining population immunity to infection, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change (WHO). The mosquito carries the yellow fever virus from host to host usually between monkeys and from monkeys to human and then to more humans. According to the World Health Organization there are three types of yellow fever sylvatic (jungle) yellow fever, intermediate yellow fever, and urban yellow fever. Jungle yellow fever occurs in tropical rainforest and with monkeys that get infected by the mosquitoes and then the mosquitoes bite humans who enter the forest. Intermediate yellow fever occurs in humid or semi-humid places parts of Africa, usually in somewhat rural villages and it is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. Urban yellow fever occurs in densely populated areas and causes large epidemics because of high number of non-immune people and large numbers of the infected mosquito. Once the disease is contracted the virus stays dormant for three to six days followed by a potential two phase infection. The first phase which is the acute phase causes fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. Most individuals in the acute phase get better and these symptoms are gone after three to four days. On the other hand: 15% of patients enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours of the initial remission. High fever returns and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. Once this happens, blood appears in the vomit and feces. Kidney function deteriorates. Half of the patients who enter the toxic phase die within 10 to 14 days, the rest recover without significant organ damage (WHO). It is hard to diagnose yellow fever because in the early stages of the infection it can be confused with malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis as well as poisoning. According to the CDC there an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30,000 deaths worldwide each year and up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. Forty-five countries in Africa and Latin America with a combined population of over 900 million are at risk. There is no cure for yellow fever the treatment is aimed at reducing the symptoms for the comfort of the patient, although there is a highly effective and affordable vaccination. Those who contract the disease are advised to go to a hospital where they can get antibiotics for infections caused by the disease and supportive care for the severe symptoms. The best way to treat yellow fever is to prevent it with the vaccine which appears to provide protection for 30–35 years or more. The vaccine provides effective immunity within one week for 95% of persons vaccinated (WHO). Currently organizations like the WHO and UNICEF are highly involved in helping areas of the yellow fever epidemic in Africa where the disease is the most prominent. Through these agencies the vaccine is routinely administered to any individual in need that is at least nine months or older. All of the four diseases covered in this paper have qualities that make them something to be worried about. Out of the four the two most important diseases in my opinion would have to be malaria and yellow fever due to the fact that these two diseases affect more people in a broad area and cause more casualties than West Nile virus and African trypanosomiasis. Out of malaria and yellow fever I would have to say that malaria is a more important disease because it infects a large amount of people, in a larger global scope, causes the most death and has the greatest social and economic impact. Overall I believe that malaria is the most important disease but for certain categories some of the other three diseases have the greatest mpact and damage. In terms of geographical distribution the four diseases in order of smallest distribution to largest distribution would be African trypanosomiasis, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and malaria has the greatest distribution. African trypanosomiasis is only found in areas with infected tsetse flies which only includes countries predominately in Africa and most occurrences are in sub-Saharan Africa in very remote and rural areas. Yellow fever can be found in tropical areas of Africa and South America but still infects are large amount of people. West Nile virus has a pretty large distribution, in the past decade or so there has been large numbers of cases popping up all over the United States but has in the past been found in Africa, Asian, Europe as well as the Middle East. West Nile virus can happen wherever there are infected mosquitoes so the potential distribution is very large. Malaria also has a large distribution which can be found all over the world, wherever there are infected mosquitoes, but it mainly found in Africa and there is quite of lot of cases found in Asia. Of the four diseases they are all contracted by a bite from an infected insect, all of them except for African trypanosomiasis which is contracted by the tsetse fly are contracted from bites of infected mosquitoes. All of the diseases have many different symptoms that lead to death if not treated and yellow fever is the hardest to diagnose because it shares symptoms with many other infections. Even though West Nile virus can be dead over 80% of infected individuals will not show any symptoms and go on to be fine. African trypanosomiasis has many tell tale symptoms if caught early treatment is simply but if it caught in the second stage things are a lot harder and symptoms often lead to death. Malaria also has many symptoms and the first symptoms are very broad and are difficult to diagnose as malaria, if these symptoms are not treated within twenty-four hours death can occur. I believe yellow fever has the worst symptoms of all because 15% of the infected will not get better after the acute infection and become severely ill. Treatment must fast and concise which is hard because the early symptoms can be confused with malaria, hepatitis, poisoning and many other infections. These four diseases have severe health impacts on individuals who get infected and all can lead to death or serious permanent conditions. African trypanosomiasis which affect the infected persons central nervous system which if untreated leads to death, the disease can cause a chronic infection. Malaria is disease that some can build an immunity to but for those who dont have it catching it can be deadly. Malaria often causes high fevers which in turn causes brain damage in many individuals especially children. Children especially in Africa have high rates of contracting and dying from malaria and even if they survive there is a host of permanent condition it can cause. Conditions such as cognitive impairments from the brain damage, anemia, intracranial pressure and abnormal postures. Most people who get sick from West Nile virus are fine and get over the flu like symptoms within a week but those who dont get better sometimes develop encephalitis. Encephalitis is the swelling of the brain and is very painful and cause other conditions that lead to death. Yellow fever has many severe health impacts as well and is called yellow fever because of the jaundice it causes to some of the infected. Severe cases result in deterioration of the kidneys which why half the people with a serious case will die. The health impacts of malaria are the most important because they have a higher chance of happening compared to the other diseases. In 2008 there were 247 million cases of malaria and almost one million deaths most of which belonged to children in Africa. According to the World Health Organization 85% of the worlds malaria deaths are in Africa and accounts for 2. 23% of deaths worldwide. Next up yellow fever which has an estimate 200,000 cases per year with 30,000 casualties. In the areas of infection, Africa and South America, there roughly 900 million people at risk of contracting the disease, 90% of the infections occur in Africa. 009 was the first time in 50 years that cases of African trypanosomiasis fell below 10,000, the problem with putting numbers to this disease is that the majority of the infected individual live in very remote and rural area so there isnt proper surveillance on the epidemic. Since the most current outbreak of West Nile virus was in the US the number from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention lists only those statistics. In 2010 there were 1,021 cases with only 57 deaths caused by the virus which is a tad higher than 2009 but still an improvement over past years. Now for the treatment comparison, first African trypanosomiasis can treated with different medications depending on the stage of the disease but many of the medicine have some bad side effects. Early treatment of malaria greatly reduces the chances of death and is usually done by administering a combination therapy which consists of antibiotics. Over the last decade or so it has been noticed that malaria is developing a drug resistance because of patients discontinuing the use of the medicine prematurely. West Nile virus doesnt really have much treatment in the early stage people usually get through the flu like symptoms on their own but in severe cases hospitalization is necessary. If encephalitis occurs treatment consists of making the symptoms more tolerable for the patient. Yellow fever is similar to West Nile virus in the way that in the severe cases there really isnt much of a treatment. The best treatment for yellow fever would be the vaccine which is 95% effective and lasts anywhere from 30-35 years. West Nile virus and yellow fever do not have treatments like the other diseases because they are caused by virus and are not bacterial infection that can be treated with antibiotics. In regards for a need for a better treatment, West Nile virus and yellow fever are the two more important diseases. After researching all four diseases it was not difficult for me to conclude that malaria was the most important and harmful. Not only does it affect people all over the world it has the largest number of cases and deaths in the world. For a disease that is caused by a mosquito bite and is responsible for 2. 23% of deaths in the world is unbelievable and a bit horrifying. According to the World Health Organization a child in Africa dies every forty five seconds because of malaria. The disease has serious health impacts on an infected individuals health and if one doesnt die from the disease it still cause many permanent health conditions especially with developing children. With just saying all of that malaria seems bad but not much worse than diseases like yellow fever but then consider the economic impact of the disease. The World Health Organization has stated that Malaria causes significant economic losses, and can decrease gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1. 3% in countries with high levels of transmission. A disease like that makes poverty stricken countries stuck because more than half of their budget is going to battling the epidemic. There are also many social implication such as for all those children who get brain damage from the disease their lives will permanently be limited. Many of them will not be able to get a professional job which further hurts the economy of wherever they are from.

Abercrombie & Fitch vs Armani Essay Example for Free

Abercrombie Fitch vs Armani Essay ‘’Fierce,’’ ‘’work it,’’ ‘’bespoke,’’ ‘’black,’’, ‘’covert couture,’’ ‘’edgy,’’ ‘’fashion forward,’’ ‘’aspirational,’’ ‘’faux pas,’’ ‘’so last season,’’ ‘’glamourista,’’ ‘’retro-futurism,’’: these are some of the words most familiar to fashionistas around the world. Milan, Paris, New York City, London, and Tokyo: these are the cities to be in if you want to know what each designer is preparing for next season, places to be if you want the best and new collection for your clothes. Nowadays, designers know not only that they need the newest and finest clothes but also the psychological appeal that will make the consumer want to buy their clothes. Abercrombie Fitch and Armani both employ the same type of models, but Armani the one that appeals to more conservative and upscale customers is more effective. The designers use the same type of models in their ads. They employ typical young models, athletic, handsome, charming, radiant, almost angelic. They know how to target their audience and appeal to their emotions because most of the consumers want to look like the models in their advertisements. The models that they put in the ads are those who the everyday consumer doesn’t resemble. The designer implies that buying the product will make the consumer look like the model. Ultimately, both designers appeal to a certain type of consumer and demographics according to their style of clothing design. Less clothes and more revealing is what Abercrombie Fitch commercializes and advertises. In New York, their store has semi-naked models greeting customers. Some of the models might only he wearing jeans, and, in other cases, they might be walking around in their underwear. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay Their target audience is the guy next door outgoing, fun, young, athletic, casual, and, most of all, nice-looking. In this particular ad, Abercrombie and Fitch use black and white contrast. The scene gives the illusion of how the costumer would feel like in paradise, and where everything is laid back and where there are no problems. Their models are not wearing shirts, and the scene is casual contrast. The scene sends the consumer into the outdoors, in the spring, and where the fun is endless, priceless, and where the perfect place to be is and all of your wild dreams come true. Couture and sophistication brands Armani. Classic and cultivated is how they advertise and commercialize. When consumers hear this brand, they automatically think of blase, refined, elegant, luxury, and conservative. Their target audience is upper class with refined taste, a working man who wants to feel important and cultivated, the class of customers who are not only going to spend money but also know the quality of the product. In this ad, the designer picked an upscale place to shoot and the background is mainly black.. The ad was shot in black and white but the consumer still can distinguish the color of the model’s clothes and bag. The ad also evokes a fine of classic film and elegance, and lures the consumer into an era of where wealth and refined is everything. The ad transports the consumer into a fantasy dream of how he would look with those clothes on and what kind of life style you can have. Both Abercrombie Fitch and Armani hire a specific type models, the models have to be over 6 ft tall, slimmed and tone, perfect cheek bones, blond and black hair, porcelain face, and almost like a creature send from heaven. However, they differ in how they promote their product. One believes semi-naked models are more marketable while the other goes for the extravagance and exquisiteness. Abercrombie Fitch and Armani are known worldwide. Their type of advertisement works because they appeal to different audiences. Abercrombie Fitch pushes the envelope in the sexuality and homoeroticism. Armani stays traditional and conservative and doesn’t push the envelope in sexuality. Their product has a tremendous impact in our society, dictating class and taste in clothes, imagine of success, income, and whether or not the consumer fashionista. These two particular brands have an impact on my life because I have worn both designer clothes, and Armani is my favorite designer. Even if the consumer didn’t know who Armani was or what is sells, just by looking at this ad, it captivates the consumer with its style of model, clothes, accessory, and allure of black and white film that puts the consumer into this trance of what their life would be like and how they would look like if they owned Armani clothes.

Management Strategies for Communication

Management Strategies for Communication Contents (Jump to) Introduction Organizational Culture Leadership Communication of Business Information Eliminating Barriers of Communication Team Work Conflict Resolution Conclusion References Introduction The Company owns a Hotel and a Resort (King and Queen Hotel Suite Mt. Taranaki Resort). This report contains information that the management could implement in order to create the best experience for the guests coming to stay at either the resort or at the hotel. How would employees of this property absorb different cultures, leadership style, communicate business information, eliminate barriers, work as a team and resolve a conflict. So how do we create an experience for our employee similarly that is given to the guest? Growth and change needs to be monitored at all times within the employees. COMMUNICATION! And there are various ways of communicating all the necessary information to the employees. As the Human Resource Director my responsibility here is to ensure that all information is efficiently transmitted to all employees new and existing across both properties. To achieve success, communication is one very important aspect. As the first step a set of guidelines have been developed as a blueprint for staff that will create the right culture that runs common across both properties. This would help the Company best utilize the human resource efficiently. Organizational Culture An organizational culture is where an organization is responsible for creating an environment in which the business is managed and can impact heavily on the success or failure of the business (University Alliance, 2015). Reinhart (2015) suggest that when people live together the culture develops within the organization. Reinhart (2015) say that there are 4 (four) areas where one should look at for developing the organizational culture which are as follows Training and Hiring Develop a story Not about programs Foster commitment For the employees to adapt the organizational culture the organization/ HR director need to look at the areas that would help an employee who has been trained not only understands it but effectively implements it while performing his/her duties, there are many ways that we can pass the organizational culture to our employees, a few are mentioned below Training – With proper training by a qualified teacher / trainer the employee will understand the organizational culture better. With proper training of old and existing employees they have to be trained in the ways to apply the new goals. Lead by example – is one of the most effective ways for leaders to create and spread a culture of learning. These way new employees absorb the culture they see and get aligned much faster. Lead the team by showing them with an example so that the new employees can take it and help the other members lead the organization to a new level DELETE. Guidance employees – As the employee is new we need to guide the employee to adapt to the new organizational culture by giving them task for new employees to know the culture. (Carabelli, 2015) Progress will be monitored frequent intervals and the plan revised as if necessary by the senior management. Necessary check would also on a day to day basis would be done in order for the performance of the employees to be on track. Leadership The organizational culture and leadership are connected with each other without one the organization could be crippled. In the research on Leadership style in job satisfaction leadership style is defined as the pattern of behaviors that a leader displays during their work with and through others (Hersey Blanchard, 1993). According to Kavanaugh and Ninemeier (2001), there are 3 factors that could determine the type of leadership style: leaders’ characteristics, subordinates’ characteristics and the organization environment. To be more specific, the personal background of leaders such as personality, knowledge, values, and experiences would shapes their feelings about appropriate leadership that determine their specific leadership style; employees also have different personalities, backgrounds, expectations and experiences, knowledge for example, employees who are more knowledgeable and experienced may work well under a democratic leadership style, while employees with d ifferent experiences and expectations require an autocratic leadership style. Some factors in the organizations environment such as organizational climate, organization values, composition of work group and type of work can also influence leadership style. However, leaders can adapt their leadership style to the perceived preferences of their subordinates (Wood, 1994). According to a research done by Mukhels and Lockwood they suggest that the leadership style would differ according to the person’s demographic profile (Al-Ababneh Lockwood). Johnson Murray talks about the pros and con of leadership and it is way to know or judge which person has leadership skills or not. They are as follows What leadership is not? It is not the use of Authority Management is not leadership Position Power is not Leadership What leadership is? Is about having a vision Is about influencing people to believe in the vision It is about persuasion of the vision (Murray, 2014) (Link success with leadership, 2014) The Leadership styles that best fit the resort would help build up a better place to be around to work at. The leadership style that best fit the resort is participative/ democratic leadership where the following things would help the hotel/resort to move forward and help the hotel/resort build a better team Leaders. They are as follows Creative Problem Solver Handling Risks Working together Creativity (Duggan, 2014) A question that arises while doing this â€Å"Is this Leadership style effective†? It’s effective if we are able to take care of the following Proper Communication Focusing on the discussion Full Commitment Respect each other’s ideas (The Democratic Leadership Style, 2008) Communication of Business Information Communication is one of the most important aspects of Leadership. It helps the leader to align the organization to one common goal or vision. Organizations that do not communicate their strategy to their employees are showing the lack of direction or disregarding for their employees. To apply an effective way of communicating business information to the staff the messages that are being sent to the staff should be crafted clearly for staff to understand. If a problem persists then it should be sorted out at that very instance. To take the organization to a level ahead of its competitors Johnston (2015) has suggested that the mission, vision and all other information of the organization is transferred to its employees. Strategies for doing so are Internal Communication Communicating with the staff clearly and simply, avoiding any jargons, or foul language in email, bulletin board. One part of the communication is disbursing the information the other is receiving information or feedback from staff. By this we will know the level of understanding of the staff. Marketing Communication Communicating marketing information is very important for improving the sales for the organization. Communication must be researched constantly; if the marketing communication is not working then it must be discarded. Because it’s not just the budgets spent it also harms the brand adversely. Communication with stakeholders The Management needs to communicate the progress of the Organization with the stakeholders so that they are kept abreast of the changes taking place and can guide at the right time. Monitor non-verbal messages Non-verbal communication can be your strongest support, however it needs to be monitored i.e. oversee the messages that are being sent via email and other non-verbal methods, so that the verbal and non-verbal method matches. (Johnston, 2015) (Raja, 2011) Eliminating Barriers of Communication Language/communication barriers are a common challenge in today’s business setting. Ms. Kate states that there are 10 strategies for overcoming the communication barriers which are as follows Speak in a manner so that the other person or people can hear you clearly Ask for clarification on what has been told Check Frequently if everyone has understood We need to avoid changed meaning of the words for others to understand Be careful as when to use a jargon/s Define what are the basics of your business THIS POINT DOES NOT CONNECT One has to be specific is what is being told Choose the medium of communication Proper to avoid any misunderstanding Provide more than one source of communication with the staff, to establish message Being patient is the hardest to keep as everyone is in a hurry (Berardo, 2007) Communication is an important part of any relationship, whether it is a working, romantic or friendly relationship in the resort. When an effective communication is interrupted or it is not executed properly, it can lead to misunderstandings which might hurt a working relationship of the staff. There are barriers to communication that must be overcome by the organization. It is possible to reduce those barriers so proper communication can take place but can never be eliminated. The following steps need to be implemented in the organization Choose the best communication channel for your specific message within or outside the organization. Choose an appropriate time to have a conversation. Speak clearly when talking to someone. Here one has to pass on the message very clearly for the receiver to understand the message Check with the listener/receiver if the message conveyed to them has been understood by them by asking them in their own words after the message has been sent. This is a good way of being able to know if the message was received and understood in best possible way. If the listener relays a message that is not identical to your message, then you know there was a miscommunication in transmitting the message. Listen to the other person when they are speaking. Instead of thinking about what to say next, take in what the other person is saying so that one is able to receive his message well. (Richardson, 2015) As an HR Manager I would have to be a proactive person and build cross-cultural environment to eliminate any barriers that may arise and to keep the trend going on the hotel we would need to look at all kinds of needs and wants of the employees and making them mix with different cultures so smoothly that they have very limited amount of the barriers in communication Team Work Organizations often ask employees to complete projects as a team. Working together has many benefits, including the possibility to create new friendships, a sense of group accomplishment and distribution of responsibilities. Teamwork may also cause tension and anxiety among employees because of poor communication. Effective communication can eliminate stress and negative feelings. Leaders of the team should encourage their employees to communicate with one another clearly while working together. This is especially important for smaller companies, whose employees often must work closely with one another. (Managing groups and Teams, 2010) Characteristics To have effective communication in the work place, team members must keep an open mind, engage in active listening and have a clear understanding of project goals and requirements. Effects Effective communication determines the success or failure of projects requiring teamwork, and ultimately, the business itself. Teamwork offers advantages such as increase in productivity, sense of responsibility and improved staff efficiency. The key element of creating a good team is proper communication. To develop effective team communication, you need to understand how communication affects teamwork positively and negatively. Increases Interaction When communication channels in a team are properly established and information flows easily between teammates, then that increases the ability of staff members to interact. Team members learn how to interact more efficiently with each other to perform their job duties and are better able to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each teammate. Conflict Poor communication within a team can cause misunderstandings that lead to internal conflict. A team that spends its time misinterpreting information and creating conflicts is not able to be a productive work unit. Developing a strong system of communication eliminates misinformation and cuts down on the possibility of conflict. The team can focus on company tasks as opposed to wasting time sifting through conflict. (Root, 2015), (Gluck, 2015) The strongest factor affecting the productivity of the new and existing staff is good teamwork. If done well it results in achieving customer satisfaction. Clear roles and responsibilities help the management in knowing how the employee has performed. Surveys have pinpointed the strongest factor affecting employee productivity was people having a clear idea about what they were supposed to be doing. The more people knew their responsibilities, the higher the productivity. Conflict Resolution Problem Solving Mt Taranaki Resort believes in clear and open communication. We also encourage employees to talk directly with their supervisor and colleagues and vice versa. If an issue or conflict does arise, it is recommended that the individual try to resolve the problem with those directly involved. The employee may also choose to involve his or her supervisor if necessary. In discussing the conflict please remember that the organizations confidentiality policy still applies. If after this discussion the employee or supervisor feels the issue is still not resolved, he/she may request a meeting with the next level supervisor and Human Resources Coordinator or Executive Director. In the event that the employee prefers an individual meeting with the next level supervisor or any other senior management staff the supervisor will be notified. By exploring the issue in a professional and constructive manner; will be possible to find an appropriate way to resolve the problem. Complaint Resolution Procedure Policy The organization will act expediently if problems do occur and all individuals, whether staff or management, will be treated with fairness, respect, and consistency. All employees are encouraged to bring forward any complaints or recommendations dealing with safety, health standards, proper working conditions, performance appraisals, discipline and fair management practices, without fear of reprisal. Any disputes, controversies or suggestions must first be handled between the employee and his or her immediate supervisor, unless they are serious enough to warrant intervention by the next level supervisor or other member of the senior management team. An employee who has not obtained a solution within five business days of the circumstances that gave rise to the situation has the right to bring the matter to the attention of the next level supervisor. The Human Resources Coordinator and/or the Executive Director will be informed of the matter. That person will review the circumstances within five business days and will consult the Human Resources Coordinator or Executive Director as appropriate. Complaints should be in writing and include all relevant circumstances. The employee and supervisor will receive a solution or a written reply from the Department Manager within five more business days. If the employee is not satisfied with the response, he or she has the right to discuss the issue with the Executive Director. If the Executive Director cannot fulfil the employee’s expectations and the conflict persists, the employee may decide to bring the matter, in writing, to the chair of the Board of Directors and the Executive Director will be notified. The Board of Directors’ (Sample policy experts, 2011) A specific policy would be developed to meet the above goals prior to staff being appointed. The guiding principles would be †¦. Staff Induction Staff training Reporting process Safety is a staff priority All these can be presented under the CODE OF CONDUCT document Conclusion An organizational Culture which enables its employees to develop into Leaders is the one that will take the organization to the next level and in this communication plays a very important role. It is important to communicate the business vision to the employees by reducing the communication barriers as they can never be eliminated/ overcome permanently as the barriers could arise at any given situation. Team work is one of the important aspects of the industry without teamwork no organization can work through to the objectives, mission and vision. Conflict resolution is one of the major areas that need to be resolved on day to day basis as conflict could arise at no given time. A policy has been made and communicated to the staff at the time of joining or at the time of their transfer, so that there can be a resolution rather that a big case. Communicated and presented as KING QUEEN HOTEL SUITE and MT TARANAKI RESORT’s CODE OF CONDUCT. References Al-Ababneh, M., Lockwood, A. (n.d.). The Influence of Managerial Leadership Style on Employee Job Satisfation in Jordanian Resort Hotels. Jordan. Berardo, K. (2007). 10 Strategies for Overcoming Language Barriers. Retrieved from Curosity.com: http://www.culturosity.com/pdfs/10 Strategies for Overcoming Language Barriers.pdf Carabelli, C. (2015). How Is Organizational Culture Passed to New Employees? Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-culture-passed-new-employees-14078.html Duggan, T. (2014). About Participative Leadership Style Front Office Performance. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/participative-leadership-style-front-office-performance-10256.html Gluck, S. (2015). Effective Communication Team Work. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effective-communication-team-work-3167.html Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (1993). Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (6th Ed ed.). New Jersey: Princetnce Hall, Inc. Johnston, K. (2015). Strategies for effective communication. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-effective-communication-57218.html Link success with leadership. (2014). Retrieved from GSS Blog: http://visiongss.com/blog//index.php/En/link-success-with-leadership Managing groups and Teams. (2010, September 20). Retrieved from Wiki Books: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Managing_Groups_and_Teams/Print_version Murray, J. (2014, June 15). What Leadership is and is not. Retrieved from Legacee: https://www.legacee.com/leadership-skills/what-leadership-is-and-is-not/z Raja, K. (2011, September 09). How to communicate business strategy to employees. Retrieved from Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/kaushikraja/how-to-communicate-business-strategy-to-employees-9198582 Reinhart, C. (2015). Organizational Culture in the Hospitality industry. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-culture-hospitality-industry-12969.html Richardson, M. (2015). How to reduce barries to communication. Retrieved from eHow: http://www.ehow.com/how_6684077_reduce-barriers-communication.html Root, G. N. (2015). How Communication Affects Teamwork. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/communication-affects-teamwork-11199.html The Democratic Leadership Style. (2008). Retrieved from leadership-toolbox.com: http://www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html University Alliance. (2015). The Impact of Organizational Culture on Hospitality Success. Retrieved from Eli Broad College of Business: http://www.michiganstateuniversityonline.com/resources/hospitality/the-impact-of-organizational-culture-on-hospitality-success/#.VRenJPmUeSo Wood, R. C. (1994). Organizational Behavior for Hospitality Management. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann Ltd. 1 | Page 3138011

Life Happens :: Essays Papers

Life Happens For just about every kid you really enjoy high school and really don’t think about what you are going to do after you graduate other than the fact that you know you are going to continue or to college of some kind. Well then there are the others who are not thinking about where they are going to go to college, but what job they are going to find so that they can support your child that they just found out that their girlfriend is having. You talk about an eye opener for those kids. Yes they may be eighteen years old and getting ready to move out on their own, but they are still kids getting ready to raise a kid. This is where it gets scary. It is the half way through your junior year and you have been having a great time. This is when the first slap in the face comes. You are talking to your girlfriend and she tells you that she is late. The first thing that runs through your mind is, â€Å"Late for what?† No sooner does that go through your brain and it hits you what she is late for, and that is when your heart hits the floor and like every other guy in the same situation you open your mouth, â€Å"Are you sure?† Like a girl not knowing when she is late for her period is kind of like a guy not knowing if he had an orgasm. After some guys have a few more beers and freak out for a few minutes, or hours, they think that they can not do this and that the girl should get an abortion. Sometimes the girl is right on board with this, and the baby is aborted and the teens lives go on like nothing ever happened. At least until the girl gets a conscious and starts thinking about what she has done and what could hav e been. This will bother the girl at least sometimes. It might bother the guy but not usually. Then there are other guys who after their freak out period they decide to take responsibility for their actions and tell the girl we will make it through this, we can do this. This is where the real story begins. Not only do we have two kids getting ready to leave the nest for the first time and learn how to spread their wings and fly, but they already have their own baby to teach how to do this also.

The Formation of Capitalism in European History Essay example -- Europ

The Formation of Capitalism in European History "Pure capitalism is characterized by private ownership of resources and by reliance on markets, in which buyers and sellers come together and determine what quantities of goods and resources are sold and at what price. Here no central authority oversees production and consumption. Rather, economic decisions are coordinated by the actions of large numbers of consumers and producers, each operating in his or her own self-interest. Because property is privately owned, it can be used in whatever manner its owner chooses (Ragan and Thomas, p. 46)." Europe had its capitalistic beginnings in the mid-seventeenth century. However, medieval Europe is characterized by the antithesis of this kind of economy. Who caused the pendulum to swing? Historians, with their tendency to generalize, often lose in the aggregate, or barely touch upon the root reformers of this era. The Northern Italians laid the foundations for the dissolution of the feudal order and the transformation of Europe into a capitalist region. Life in medieval Europe can be characterized by sameness. That is, relative to the life expectancy of a human being, little changed from year to year. Granted, there were periods of war and civil unrest, but the society as a whole remained unchanged. If a person was born into a poor family, then he or she would remain poor with virtually no exceptions. Society was regimented from top to bottom with predetermined social status, and no room for the ambitious. Even an individual's social contacts were largely limited to their local area. The vast majority of medieval society was engaged in agricultural endeavors. These endeavors were carried out on communal farms owned by a nobl... ...he Northern Italian commercial influence took hold, the old order was destined to fail. Considering the plight of the serfs, it is of no wonder why mercantilism grew in appeal. The capitalistic enterprise offered never encounter opportunities for the ambitious. This gave rise to growing, innovative and prosperous Europe. Cited Works Birdzell, L. E., Jr. & Rosenberg, Nathan. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. Basic Books. New York: 1986. Crow, John A. Italy: A Journey Through Time. Harper & Row. New York: 1965, Hilton, Rodney. The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. Humanities Press. London: 1976. Pirenne, Henri. A History of Europe. University Books. New Hyde Park, New York: 1955. Ragan, James F., Jr. & Thomas, Lloyd B., Jr. Principles of Macroeconomics. The Dryden Press. Fort Worth, TX: 1992.

Authorship debate Essay -- essays research papers

William Shakespeare’s works being just that is a notion most accept; however, there has been a lot of evidence and arguments by historians, who opt to challenge this notion, arguing that Shakespeare was the pen name of Edward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford had to conceal his authorship for social and political reasons. After careful examination of historian’s evidence this theory doesn’t measure up and it was indeed Shakespeare, who was the genuine author. The world has come to accept that William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, during the year of 1564. The register of Holy trinity, the parish church in Stratford, records his baptism on April 26. According to the custom at the time, infants were baptized about three days after their birth. William’s father was a glover, trader, and landowner who married Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowner of Wilmcote. Therefore, the generally accepted date for Shakespeare’s birth is April 23 (World Book 344). John Shakespeare, William’s father rose [by election] to the position of Alderman in 1565; and in 1568 he was elected Bailiff, the equivalent to mayor (Reedy & Kathman). It’s believed that because William’s father was a town official, the young William was entitled to a free education at the Kings school. It has been accepted [for the most part] that William Shakespeare attended the Stratford grammar school. The Stratford gramm ar school prepared students for the university; however there is no evidence that William ever attended a university. The reason being is when William Shakespeare was thirteen his father suffered business losses. William was pulled from school and apprenticed to a trade, not an uncommon occurrence during the Elizabethan Age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway in November 1582 at the age of eighteen. Anne was twenty-six. It would only be six months later that their daughter, Susanna was born. William also had a set of twins in February 1585. Between the years of 1585-1590, Shakespeare disappeared. We considered these years as his lost years mainly because there has yet to be found any documentation or know whereabouts of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s accepted that Shakespeare was in London by 1590 working as an actor and playwright. Approximately for twenty-three years he was a workin... ... died too early to have been the real Shakespeare (Michell 171). Oxford did not leave a will. If he were to have left a will, Oxfordians and Anti-Strafordians would have no doubt have more weight to their theory, that’s if his will contained Shakespeare plays and sonnets. The 17th Earl of Oxford was a recognized poet in his day, and the Oxfordians make the most of this in their attempts to prove that he wrote the works of Shakespeare. There is evidence presented about his reputation in actual context of the times and shows that while Oxford work had some admirers, but don’t all authors have some admirers, nobody seems to have considered him a great poet or playwright. Belief in the Oxfordian story that Shakespeare's works were written not by Shakespeare but by the seventeenth Earl of Oxford requires not merely suspending the rules of evidence that would normally be used to establish the authorship of a body of work, but also accepting a set of Oxfordian myths -- tales that are presented as fact but that research shows are simply not true. Some of these myths have been repeated and handed down from Oxfordian to Oxfordian for decades, without any attempt being made to verify them